Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to
a. | being preserved as fossils. | b. | providing humans with food. | c. | surviving in the
environment they inhabited. | d. | swimming from South America to the Galapagos
Islands. |
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2.
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The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on the Galápagos Islands
displayed different structural adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was the
a. | similarities of the birds’ embryos. | c. | length of the birds’
necks. | b. | birds’ different-shaped beaks. | d. | number of eggs in each bird’s
nest. |
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3.
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James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work suggests that
a. | Earth is many millions of years old. | b. | Earth is several thousand years
old. | c. | all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years. | d. | all rocks on Earth
contain fossils. |
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4.
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One scientist who attempted to explain how rock layers form and change over time
was
a. | Thomas Malthus. | c. | Charles Darwin. | b. | James Hutton. | d. | Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck. |
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5.
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Which is a major concept included in Lamarck’s theory of evolution?
a. | Change is the result of survival of the fittest. | b. | Body structure can
change according to the actions of the organism. | c. | Population size decreases the rate of
evolution. | d. | Artificial selection is the basis for evolution. |
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6.
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Lamarck’s theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a
species appear as a result of
a. | continual increases in population size. | b. | the actions of
organisms as they use or fail to use body structures. | c. | an unchanging local
environment. | d. | the natural variations already present within the population of
organisms. |
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7.
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The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that
a. | in the human population, people die faster than babies are born. | b. | there would soon be
insufficient food for the growing human population. | c. | in the 1700s, England needed more
housing. | d. | the majority of a species’ offspring die. |
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8.
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When Charles Darwin returned from the voyage of the Beagle, he
a. | immediately published his ideas about evolution. | b. | realized his ideas
about evolution were wrong. | c. | wrote about his ideas but waited many years to
publish them. | d. | copied the evolutionary theory of Wallace. |
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9.
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According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive
are the ones best adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the
a. | possession of adaptations developed through use. | b. | possession of
inherited adaptations that maximize fitness. | c. | lack of competition within the
species. | d. | choices made by plant and animal breeders. |
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10.
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When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some
escape. Which part of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this
situation?
a. | acquired characteristics | c. | survival of the
fittest | b. | reproductive isolation | d. | descent with modification |
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11.
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Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its
specific environment
a. | diversity. | c. | adaptation. | b. | fitness. | d. | evolution. |
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12.
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According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that
tend to survive are those that have
a. | characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse. | b. | characteristics that
plant and animal breeders value. | c. | the greatest number of
offspring. | d. | variations best suited to the environment. |
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13.
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Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural
selection?
a. | the natural variation found in all populations | b. | unrelated species
living in different locations | c. | changes in the inherited characteristics of a
population over time | d. | the struggle for existence undergone by all
living things |
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14.
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Darwin’s concept of evolution was NOT influenced by
a. | the work of Charles Lyell. | b. | knowledge about the structure of
DNA. | c. | his collection of specimens. | d. | his trip on the H.M.S.
Beagle. |
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15.
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The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those
in living vertebrates. Most biologists would probably explain this fact on the basis of
a. | the needs of the organisms. | c. | the struggle for
existence. | b. | a common ancestor. | d. | the inheritance of acquired traits. |
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16.
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The hypothesis that species change over time by natural selection was proposed
by
a. | James Hutton. | c. | Thomas Malthus. | b. | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. | d. | Charles Darwin. |
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17.
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Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on the idea(s) of
a. | heritable variation and natural selection. | b. | use and
disuse. | c. | a tendency toward perfect, unchanging species. | d. | the transmission of
acquired characteristics. |
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18.
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All the genes of all members of a particular population make up the
population’s
a. | relative frequency. | c. | genotype. | b. | phenotype. | d. | gene pool. |
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19.
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The two main sources of genetic variation are
a. | genotypes and phenotypes. | b. | gene shuffling and
mutations. | c. | single-gene traits and polygenic traits. | d. | directional
selection and disruptive selection. |
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20.
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The gene shuffling that occurs as part of sexual reproduction
a. | changes the gene pool’s allele frequencies. | b. | does not change the
gene pool’s allele frequencies. | c. | keeps the phenotypes
consistent. | d. | is caused by radiation or chemicals. |
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21.
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A single-gene trait that has two alleles and that shows a simple
dominant-recessive pattern will result in
a. | one phenotype. | c. | four phenotypes. | b. | two phenotypes. | d. | millions of
phenotypes. |
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22.
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An example of a single-gene trait is
a. | widow’s peak in humans. | c. | height in
humans. | b. | weight of human infants at birth. | d. | beak size in the Galápagos
finches. |
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23.
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When individuals at only one end of a bell curve of phenotype frequencies have
high fitness, the result is
a. | directional selection. | c. | disruptive selection. | b. | stabilizing
selection. | d. | genetic
drift. |
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24.
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When individuals with an average form of a trait have the highest fitness, the
result is
a. | not predictable. | c. | directional selection. | b. | disruptive
selection. | d. | stabilizing
selection. |
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25.
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Genetic drift tends to occur in populations that
a. | are very large. | c. | are formed from new species. | b. | are
small. | d. | have unchanging
allele frequencies. |
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26.
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The situation in which allele frequencies of a population remain constant is
called
a. | evolution. | c. | genetic equilibrium. | b. | genetic drift. | d. | natural
selection. |
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27.
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The genetic equilibrium of a population can be disturbed by each of the
following EXCEPT
a. | nonrandom mating. | b. | movement into and out of the
population. | c. | a large population size. | d. | mutations. |
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28.
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The allele frequencies of a population are more likely to remain unchanged
if
a. | the population size is reduced. | b. | frequent movement into and out of the
population occurs. | c. | all mating is random. | d. | the mutation rate
increases. |
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29.
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The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies
of water is called
a. | temporal isolation. | c. | behavioral isolation. | b. | geographic
isolation. | d. | genetic
equilibrium. |
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30.
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The geographic isolation of two populations of a species tends to increase
differences between their gene pools because it
a. | prevents interbreeding between the populations. | b. | prevents
interbreeding within each population. | c. | causes temporal isolation of the two
populations. | d. | increases differences in courtship behavior. |
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Modified True/False
Indicate
whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the
statement true.
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31.
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After his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin wondered whether
similar species from the Galápagos Islands could once have been members of the same
species. _________________________
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32.
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Evidence that the surface of a mountain was once under the sea includes the
presence of marine fossils on the mountain. _________________________
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33.
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In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace sent Charles Darwin an essay proposing an
explanation for evolution that was very similar to Darwin’s.
_________________________
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34.
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In natural selection, human breeders, rather than the environment, select
the variations of traits to be passed to offspring. ______________________________
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35.
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The term fitness refers to an organism’s ability to survive
and reproduce in a specific environment. _________________________
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36.
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According to Charles Darwin, members of a species must share limited
resources. _________________________
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37.
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In small populations, an allele can become more or less common simply by
chance. _________________________
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38.
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When mutations introduce new alleles into a population, genetic variation
is disrupted. _________________________
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39.
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Two populations that have overlapping ranges can remain reproductively isolated
through behavioral isolation or temporal isolation from each other.
_________________________
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40.
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The first step of the speciation of the Galápagos finches likely was
the arrival of founders from South America. _________________________
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