Name: 
 

Biology 122 Midterm - Ch 10, 11, 12(section 1) & 14(section 1)


Multiple Choice (Value 48)
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 
The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell depends on the cell’s
a.
ratio of surface area to volume.
c.
volume.
b.
environment.
d.
surface area.
 

 2. 
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
a.
cell division.
c.
interphase.
b.
metaphase.
d.
mitosis.
 

 3. 
After cell division, each daughter cell
a.
has a lower surface area/volume ratio than the parent cell.
b.
has a higher surface area/volume ratio than the parent cell.
c.
has more DNA in its nucleus than the parent cell.
d.
has less DNA in its nucleus than the parent cell.
 

 4. 
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
a.
only during interphase
c.
only during cell division
b.
only when they are being replicated
d.
only during the G1 phase
 

 5. 
Which of the following is a phase in the cell cycle?
a.
G1 phase
c.
M phase
b.
G2 phase
d.
all of the above
 

 6. 
When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?
a.
G1 phase
c.
S phase
b.
G2 phase
d.
M phase
 

 7. 
Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?
a.
Little happens during the G1 and G2 phases.
b.
DNA replicates during cytokinesis.
c.
The M phase is usually the longest phase.
d.
Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases.
 

 8. 
The cell cycle is the
a.
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.
b.
period of time between the birth and the death of a cell.
c.
time from prophase until cytokinesis.
d.
time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis.
 

 9. 
Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?
a.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b.
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
c.
interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
d.
prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
 

 10. 
Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish?
a.
The cells lack cyclin.
b.
The petri dish inhibits cell growth.
c.
Contact with other cells stops cell growth.
d.
Most cells grown in petri dishes have a defective p53.
 

 11. 
Offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits
a.
are true-breeding.
c.
make up the parental generation.
b.
make up the F2 generation.
d.
are called hybrids.
 

 12. 
Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are
a.
not inherited by offspring.
b.
inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring.
c.
determined by dominant factors only.
d.
determined by recessive factors only.
 

 13. 
When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring were tall because
a.
the allele for tall plants is recessive.
b.
the allele for short plants is dominant.
c.
the allele for tall plants is dominant.
d.
they were true-breeding like their parents.
 

 14. 
The principles of probability can be used to
a.
predict the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses.
b.
determine the actual outcomes of genetic crosses.
c.
predict the traits of the parents used in genetic crosses.
d.
decide which organisms are best to use in genetic crosses.
 

 15. 
A Punnett square shows all of the following EXCEPT
a.
all possible results of a genetic cross.
b.
the genotypes of the offspring.
c.
the alleles in the gametes of each parent.
d.
the actual results of a genetic cross.
 

 16. 
Variation in human skin color is an example of
a.
incomplete dominance.
c.
polygenic traits.
b.
codominance.
d.
multiple alleles.
 

 17. 
Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of
a.
two genetically identical cells.
c.
four genetically identical cells.
b.
four genetically different cells.
d.
two genetically different cells.
 

 18. 
If two genes are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently,
a.
crossing-over never occurs between the genes.
b.
crossing-over always occurs between the genes.
c.
the genes are probably located far apart from each other.
d.
the genes are probably located close to each other.
 

 19. 
How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?
a.
2
c.
44
b.
23
d.
46
 

 20. 
Which of the following can be observed in a karyotype?
a.
a change in a DNA base
c.
genes
b.
an extra chromosome
d.
alleles
 

 21. 
A pedigree can be used to
a.
determine whether a trait is inherited.
b.
show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next.
c.
determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive.
d.
all of the above
 

 22. 
Which of the following would you be least likely to see in a pedigree?
a.
All of the symbols are unshaded.
c.
All of the symbols are squares.
b.
All of the symbols are shaded.
d.
About half of the symbols are circles.
 

 23. 
Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA?
a.
ribose + phosphate group + thymine
b.
ribose + phosphate group + uracil
c.
deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil
d.
deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine
 

 24. 
Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of
a.
adenine molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of guanine molecules.
b.
pyrimidines in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines.
c.
purines in DNA is much greater than the percentage of pyrimidines.
d.
cytosine molecules in DNA is much greater than the percentage of guanine molecules.
 

 25. 
In eukaryotes, DNA
a.
is located in the nucleus.
c.
is located in the ribosomes.
b.
floats freely in the cytoplasm.
d.
is circular.
 

 26. 
Which of the following include all the others?
a.
DNA molecules
c.
chromosomes
b.
histones
d.
nucleosomes
 

 27. 
DNA is copied during a process called
a.
replication.
c.
transcription.
b.
translation.
d.
transformation.
 

 28. 
DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,
a.
each with two new strands.
b.
one with two new strands and the other with two original strands.
c.
each with one new strand and one original strand.
d.
each with two original strands.
 

 29. 
During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases
a.
TCGAAC.
c.
AGCTTG.
b.
GATCCA.
d.
GAUCCA.
 

 30. 
RNA contains the sugar
a.
ribose.
c.
glucose.
b.
deoxyribose.
d.
lactose.
 

 31. 
Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a.
adenine.
c.
phosphate groups.
b.
uracil.
d.
thymine.
 

 32. 
Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?
a.
ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine
b.
deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and guanine
c.
phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine
d.
phosphate groups, guanine, and thymine
 

 33. 
How many main types of RNA are there?
a.
1
c.
hundreds
b.
3
d.
thousands
 

 34. 
Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis?
a.
transfer RNA only
b.
messenger RNA only
c.
ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA only
d.
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
 

 35. 
How many bases are needed to specify three amino acids?
a.
3
c.
9
b.
6
d.
12
 

 36. 
What happens during the process of translation?
a.
Messenger RNA is made from DNA.
b.
The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
c.
Transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA.
d.
Copies of DNA molecules are made.
 

 37. 
Which of the following happens when a cell divides?
a.
The cell’s volume increases.
b.
It becomes more difficult for the cell to get enough oxygen and nutrients.
c.
The cell has DNA overload.
d.
Each daughter cell receives its own copy of the parent cell’s DNA.
 

 38. 
Right after a bone breaks, cells at the edge of the injury
a.
stop dividing.
b.
begin to divide rapidly.
c.
form a thin layer over the edge of the injury.
d.
develop a defect in a gene called p53. 
 

 39. 
How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?
a.
2
c.
8
b.
4
d.
16
 

 40. 
Which of the following are copied from DNA?
a.
mRNA only
c.
mRNA and tRNA only
b.
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
d.
proteins
 

 41. 
Which of the following statements is false?
a.
Some genes code for enzymes.
b.
The instructions for making some proteins are not specified by genes.
c.
An organism’s inherited traits depend on proteins.
d.
An organism’s genes determine its inherited traits.
 

Modified True/False (Value 5)
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.  If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
 

 42. 
Cell division solves the problem of cell growth by increasing cell volume. _________________________

 

 43. 
If an organism is heterozygous for a particular gene, the two different alleles will be separated during anaphase II of meiosis, assuming that no crossing-over has occurred. _________________________

 

 44. 
The replication of a DNA molecule results in four copies of the same gene. _________________________

 

 45. 
If a nucleic acid contains uracil, it is DNA. _________________________

 

 46. 
DNA codes for the DNA polymerase enzyme. _________________________

 

Completion (Value 5)
Complete each statement.
 

 47. 
The larger a cell becomes, the ____________________ efficiently it is able to function.
 

 

 48. 
A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have ____________________ chromatids in the G2 phase.
 

 

 49. 
The number of sister chromatids in a human body cell that is entering cell division is ____________________.
 

 

 50. 
The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins.
 

 

 51. 
In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ____________________ sequences in DNA.
 

 

Essay (Value 25)
 

 52. 
List and describe the main events of the cell cycle. Illustrate your description with a diagram of the cell cycle.
 

 53. 
Describe what happens during the four stages of mitosis.
 

 54. 
Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance.
 

 55. 
Explain why the daughter cells produced by meiosis are genetically different from each other, whereas the daughter cells produced by mitosis are not.
 

 56. 
Contrast the functions of the three main types of RNA.
 



 
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