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A flexible, supporting structure found only in chordates is the

Convergent evolution is the process that produces

The sugar glider is an Australian marsupial. The eastern flying squirrel is a North American placental mammal. Both animals are nocturnal, live in trees, and can glide through the air using a flap of skin that stretches between the legs on each side of the body. The resemblance between these two animals is an example of

Compared with the number of extinct chordate species, the number of living chordate species is

In vertebrates, each of the following is important in regulating body temperature EXCEPT a

The main difference between ectotherms and endotherms is

Chordate respiratory structures include all of the following EXCEPT

In a single-loop circulatory system, the atrium

The sets of bones that support the limbs of vertebrates are called

Sexual reproduction occurs in

The notochord is a supporting structure that is found only in chordates. _________________________

The ability of a vertebrate to regulate its body temperature is especially important in a habitat where the temperature remains constant throughout the year. _________________________

A vertebrate that has a low rate of metabolism and a body that is not well insulated is probably an endotherm. _________________________

The only reptiles that have four-chambered hearts are snakes. _________________________

Internal fertilization and viviparous development are characteristics of most mammals. _________________________

One example of ____________________ evolution is provided by penguins and seals, both of which hunt in the ocean and have streamlined bodies and flipperlike appendages.

In environments in which temperatures are high and fairly constant most of the time, ____________________ is a more energy-efficient method of controlling body temperature.

In a mammalian lung, gas exchange occurs inside bubblelike structures called ____________________.

If an animal has a four-chambered heart, it has a(an) ____________________-loop circulatory system.

Aquatic amphibians and most fishes excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of ____________________.

List three features that are included in the ways in which all vertebrates control their body temperature.

Why is it advantageous for birds to use feathers instead of body fat as a primary means of insulation?

Animals A and B are terrestrial vertebrates of the same size. One is an ectotherm, and the other is an endotherm. The resting metabolic rate of animal A is five times that of animal B. Using this information, state which animal is the ectotherm and briefly explain your decision.

How are the alveoli in a mammalian lung analogous to the folds in a mammalian cerebrum?

List two functions of vertebrate kidneys.

Describe two hypotheses concerning the evolution of endothermy in vertebrates. What does the evidence on this issue suggest?

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being an endotherm and an ectotherm in an environment where the air temperature drops to an average of 5°C during the winter.

Describe the major differences among the chambers of the heart in the five main groups of vertebrates.

In a mammalian heart, how does the total volume of blood that the right ventricle pumps in one hour compare with the total volume that the left ventricle pumps during the same period? Explain your reasoning.

Describe the forms in which nitrogenous wastes are eliminated in different groups of chordates.