Biology 112 Midterm - October 28, 2014

Name:

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Which of the following is an example of an organ?

a.	heart	c.	nerve cell
b.	epithelial tissue	d.	digestive system

Which of the following is NOT an example of a heterotroph?

a.	leopard	c.	grass
b.	human	d.	mushroom

Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in

a.	the presence of a nucleus.	c.	the presence of a cell wall.
b.	size.	d.	the makeup of their cell walls.

Unlike tracheids, vessel elements

a.	are found in angiosperms.	c.	form a continuous tube.
b.	are found in phloem.	d.	die before they conduct water.

Which of the following carries essential materials into the leaf to be used in the process of photosynthesis?

a.	parenchyma	c.	phloem
b.	cambium	d.	xylem

The outer protein coat of a virus is called a

a.	DNA core.	c.	bacteriophage.
b.	tail sheath.	d.	capsid.

Members of the phylum Chrysophyta contain chloroplasts of what color?

a.	silver	c.	green
b.	red	d.	gold

Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?

a.	contains the information needed to make proteins
b.	stores DNA
c.	controls most of the cell’s processes
d.	all of the above

Food stored in a refrigerator will keep longer because the bacteria that spoil food

a.	require light to live.
b.	take longer to multiply at low temperatures.
c.	grow more slowly in the dark.
d.	die at low temperatures.

10.

Jan van Helmont concluded that plants gain most of their mass from

a.	water.	c.	carbon dioxide in the air.
b.	the soil.	d.	oxygen in the air.

11.

Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because of

a.	convergent evolution.	c.	mutations.
b.	reclassification.	d.	molecular clocks.

12.

Diffusion occurs because

a.	molecules constantly move and collide with each other.
b.	molecules never move or collide with each other.
c.	the concentration of a solution is never the same throughout a solution.
d.	the concentration of a solution is always the same throughout a solution.

13.

The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria is

a.	Fungi.	c.	Eukarya.
b.	Archaea.	d.	Bacteria.

14.

Which of the following is most likely to be used as a food source?

a.	root of a dicot	c.	fibrous root
b.	root with many root hairs	d.	root of a monocot

Figure 8–1

15.

In Figure 8–1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule?

a.	B and C	c.	A and B
b.	C and D	d.	all of the above

16.

Which structures shown in Figure 8–1 make up an ATP molecule?

a.	A and B	c.	A, B, and C
b.	C and D	d.	A, B, C, and D

17.

The cells of multicellular organisms are

a.	not dependent on one another.
b.	specialized to perform different tasks.
c.	simpler than those of unicellular organisms.
d.	smaller than those of unicellular organisms.

18.

What do all organisms have in common?

a.	They are all prokaryotes.
b.	They are all eukaryotes.
c.	They use DNA and RNA to pass on information.
d.	They are genetically identical.

19.

Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?

a.	mushroom	c.	anaerobic bacterium
b.	tiger	d.	tree

20.

What do the members of the phylum Pyrrophyta have in common with many of the members of the phylum Chrysophyta?

a.	They have cell walls of cellulose.
b.	They have pellicles.
c.	They have cell walls of silica.
d.	They can be both photosynthetic and heterotrophic.

21.

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

a.	chloroplast	c.	Golgi apparatus
b.	mitochondrion	d.	endoplasmic reticulum

22.

Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?

a.	water	c.	oxygen
b.	glucose	d.	all of the above

23.

The main function of the cell wall is to

a.	store DNA.	c.	direct the activities of the cell.
b.	help the cell move.	d.	support and protect the cell.

24.

Often, the second part of a scientific name is

a.	a Latinized description of a particular trait.
b.	capitalized if it derives from a proper name.
c.	different in different locations.
d.	the same as for other members of the same genus.

25.

Which of the following structures is found in the cytoplasm?

a.	cell wall	c.	ribosome
b.	nucleolus	d.	chromatin

26.

Which of the following is produced when bacteria break down complex compounds in sewage?

a.	carbon dioxide gas	c.	purified water
b.	nitrogen	d.	all of the above

27.

A bloom is

a.	the clouding of water by sewage.
b.	a symbiotic relationship between algae and coral.
c.	an enormous mass of algae.
d.	none of the above

28.

A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations is a(an)

a.	hypothesis.	c.	theory.
b.	inference.	d.	controlled experiment.

29.

Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called

a.	Monera.	c.	Fungi.
b.	Animalia.	d.	Eukarya.

30.

Which statement about malaria is true?

a.	Malaria has been eradicated by control of the Anopheles mosquito.
b.	All strains can be treated with modern drugs, and there is an effective vaccine.
c.	Not all strains can be treated, and there is no completely effective vaccine.
d.	Many strains can be treated with modern drugs; however, there is no completely effective vaccine.

31.

Ingenhousz showed that plants produce oxygen bubbles when exposed to

a.	a burning candle.	c.	ATP.
b.	light.	d.	carbon dioxide.

32.

A carrot is a(an)

a.	extensive root system.	c.	fibrous root.
b.	taproot.	d.	monocot.

33.

Which of the following is the best reason for using a scanning electron microscope?

a.	ability to magnify objects that are larger than 0.2 micrometers
b.	ability to observe live organisms
c.	ability to see three-dimensional images of the surfaces of objects
d.	ability to see movement within living cells

34.

What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms?

a.	the relative importance of each derived character
b.	the general fitness of the organisms analyzed
c.	the order in which derived characters evolved
d.	all traits of each organism analyzed

35.

The function of conjugation in paramecia is to

a.	expel excess water, thereby maintaining homeostasis.
b.	exchange genetic material, thus increasing diversity of the population.
c.	trigger the release of trichocysts.
d.	create new individual paramecia.

36.

Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called

a.	flagella.	c.	photoautotrophs.
b.	decomposers.	d.	endospores.

37.

Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same

a.	class.	c.	species.
b.	genus.	d.	family.

38.

Which type(s) of microscopes can produce three-dimensional images of cells?

a.	scanning electron microscopes	c.	both A and B
b.	transmission electron microscopes	d.	neither A nor B

39.

What technique is used to separate different cell parts?

a.	cell fractionation	c.	microscopy
b.	cell culture	d.	all of the above

40.

A method called Gram staining is used to tell

a.	whether a prokaryote has flagella.
b.	how a prokaryote obtains energy.
c.	what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has.
d.	what shape a prokaryote has.

41.

Science differs from other disciplines, such as history and the arts, because science relies on

a.	testing explanations.	c.	observations.
b.	facts.	d.	theories.

42.

Escherichia coli is classified as a(an)

a.	eukaryote.
b.	archaebacterium.
c.	eubacterium.
d.	virus.

43.

Which of the following terms includes all the others?

a.	paleontologist	c.	botanist
b.	biologist	d.	zoologist

44.

Phytoplankton are only found at the surface of ocean waters because

a.	they are an important food source to surface-dwelling marine organisms.
b.	they cannot withstand the colder temperatures of deep water.
c.	they require sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.
d.	they feed on tiny organisms living at the surface.

45.

What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and a yeast?

a.	They are not related at all.
b.	Their degree of relatedness can be determined from their genes.
c.	They can interbreed and thus are the same species.
d.	Their degree of relatedness cannot be evaluated.

46.

Most of the photosynthetic activity in plants takes place in the

a.	stomata.	c.	guard cells.
b.	mesophyll.	d.	xylem.

47.

An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a

a.	cladogram.
b.	family tree based on DNA structure.
c.	family tree based on external appearance.
d.	traditional classification system.

48.

Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteria that is key to keeping them under control?

a.	Most bacteria cannot survive high temperatures for long periods.
b.	Most bacteria do not cause food to spoil.
c.	Most bacteria form endospores when subjected to harsh conditions.
d.	Most bacteria are resistant to harmful chemicals.

49.

Which of the following is released during cellular respiration?

a.	oxygen	c.	lactic acid
b.	energy	d.	air

50.

What triggers the aggregation of many slime mold individuals into one giant, sluglike mass?

a.	depleted food supply	c.	invasion of a parasite
b.	lack of water	d.	cold weather

51.

According to Lynn Margulis, eukaryotic cells may have evolved from

a.	chloroplasts that grew very large.	c.	mitochondria that grew very large.
b.	a symbiosis of several cells.	d.	plants, animals, and fungi.

52.

Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period results in

a.	variables.	c.	hypotheses.
b.	inferences.	d.	data.

53.

Scientists have found that humans and yeasts

a.	have nothing in common.
b.	cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness.
c.	share all aspects of cellular structure.
d.	have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins.

54.

Glycolysis requires

a.	hours to produce many ATP molecules.
b.	oxygen.
c.	NADP⁺.
d.	an energy input.

55.

A seed plant is anchored in the ground by its

a.	roots.	c.	leaves.
b.	stems.	d.	trichomes.

56.

When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out

a.	cellular respiration.	c.	lactic acid fermentation.
b.	glycolysis.	d.	alcoholic fermentation.

57.

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, which of the following statements is NOT true?

a.	Phloem is able to move sugars in either direction to meet the nutritional needs of the plant.
b.	Water is necessary for sugars to move through phloem.
c.	The movement of water into a nutrient-rich region of the phloem decreases the pressure in that region.
d.	Water moves from the xylem to the phloem of a plant.

58.

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacterium?

a.	Lyme disease	c.	tooth decay
b.	tuberculosis	d.	AIDS

59.

Suppose Priestley repeated his experiment using many kinds of plants besides mint, and that when different plants were placed under the jar the candle remained lighted for different periods of time. What would be a logical conclusion from these experiments?

a.	Different plants require different amounts of light.
b.	Different plants release different amounts of oxygen.
c.	Different plants release different amounts of carbon dioxide.
d.	Different plants require different amounts of water.

60.

Which of the following structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment?

a.	mitochondrion	c.	channel proteins
b.	cell membrane	d.	chloroplast

61.

Because you may come in contact with organisms you cannot see, what safety procedure MUST be followed?

a.	Wash your hands thoroughly after completing the activity.
b.	Read over your activity.
c.	Open the windows of the laboratory.
d.	Do not wear long sleeves.

62.

Plants cannot release energy from glucose using

a.	glycolysis.	c.	the Krebs cycle.
b.	cellular respiration.	d.	photosynthesis.

63.

Unlike roots, stems

a.	are protected by epidermal cells.	c.	transport water.
b.	may carry out photosynthesis.	d.	have ground tissue.

64.

Which of the following is NOT a step in the light-dependent reactions?

a.	ATP synthase allows H⁺ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane.
b.	High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.
c.	Pigments in photosystem II absorb light.
d.	ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars.

65.

In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by

a.	lactic acid fermentation.	c.	photosynthesis.
b.	alcoholic fermentation.	d.	the Krebs cycle.

66.

Water will move higher in a narrow glass tube than in a wide glass tube because of

a.	capillary action.	c.	adhesion only.
b.	pressure.	d.	cohesion only.

67.

What is the main idea behind the model of a molecular clock?

a.	that phenotypes, not genotypes, are affected by natural selection
b.	that segments of DNA can be compared with segments of RNA
c.	that certain traits are under the pressure of natural selection
d.	that neutral mutations accumulate at a steady rate

68.

Which of the following structures would NOT be found in a Euglenophyte?

a.	flagellum
b.	eyespot
c.	cell wall
d.	pellicle

69.

Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class

a.	Amphibia.	c.	Reptilia.
b.	Aves.	d.	Mammalia.

70.

Most plants appear green because chlorophyll

a.	reflects violet light.	c.	does not absorb green light.
b.	absorbs green light.	d.	none of the above

71.

What types of living organisms should you NOT come into contact with in your biology laboratory?

a.	plants
b.	organisms that can be seen only with a microscope
c.	organisms that cause disease
d.	animals

72.

Which statement mainly explains why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves for athletic events that last several hours?

a.	Heavy breathing is needed to get rid of lactic acid.
b.	Lactic acid fermentation can cause muscle soreness.
c.	Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does.
d.	all of the above

73.

Which of the following is(are) used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis?

a.	light	c.	water
b.	carbon dioxide	d.	all of the above

74.

If some of the xylem of a young oak tree were destroyed, it would most likely interfere with the tree’s ability to

a.	absorb water from the soil.	c.	conduct water to the leaves.
b.	conduct sugars to the roots.	d.	absorb sunlight.

75.

What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?

a.	glucose and oxygen	c.	water and glucose
b.	carbon dioxide and water	d.	oxygen and lactic acid

76.

Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?

a.	ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast
b.	smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus
c.	mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane
d.	rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, released from the cell

77.

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

a.	surrounds the cell	c.	contains DNA
b.	helps make proteins	d.	helps a cell keep its shape

78.

A prophage is made of

a.	carbohydrates.	c.	capsid proteins.
b.	bacteriophages.	d.	viral DNA.

79.

Where are you likely to find a photoautotroph?

a.	in your digestive system
b.	near the surfaces of lakes, streams, and oceans
c.	in the darkness of the ocean
d.	in your refrigerator

80.

Scientists publish the details of important experiments so that

a.	their experimental procedures can be reviewed.
b.	others can try to reproduce the results.
c.	their work can be repeated.
d.	all of the above

81.

An instrument used to separate cell parts according to density is the

a.	centrifuge.	c.	blender.
b.	electron microscope.	d.	compound light microscope.

82.

The three-domain system arose when scientists grouped organisms according to how long they have been

a.	going extinct.	c.	alive in their present forms.
b.	using DNA to store information.	d.	evolving independently.

83.

The Calvin cycle takes place in the

a.	thylakoid membranes.	c.	stroma.
b.	photosystems.	d.	chlorophyll molecules.

84.

Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells?

a.	Rudolf Virchow	c.	Robert Hooke
b.	Matthias Schleiden	d.	Anton van Leeuwenhoek

85.

The electron transport chain can be found in

a.	prokaryotes.	c.	plants.
b.	animals.	d.	all of the above

86.

Which of the following acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration?

a.	NAD⁺	c.	ATP
b.	ADP	d.	pyruvic acid

87.

A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a(an)

a.	prokaryote.	c.	eubacterium.
b.	eukaryote.	d.	archaebacterium.

88.

Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms

a.	share too many derived characters.	c.	are very numerous and diverse.
b.	are too much alike.	d.	are going extinct.

89.

Which of the following is inside the thylakoid membrane?

a.	ATP synthase	c.	electron transport chain
b.	photosystem I	d.	all of the above

90.

Which organelle breaks down food into molecules the cell can use?

a.	endoplasmic reticulum	c.	lysosome
b.	mitochondrion	d.	Golgi apparatus

91.

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes?

a.	Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
b.	Photosynthesis releases energy, and cellular respiration stores energy.
c.	Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
d.	all of the above

92.

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from

a.	an area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration.
b.	an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
c.	an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
d.	all of the above

93.

Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?

a.	Fungi	c.	Protista
b.	Animalia	d.	Plantae

94.

Viral diseases can be

a.	treated with antibiotics and prevented with vaccines.
b.	prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics.
c.	prevented with antibiotics but not treated with vaccines.
d.	treated with vaccines and prevented with antibiotics.

95.

During a lytic infection, the host cell is

a.	destroyed.	c.	prepared for the lysogenic cycle.
b.	copied many times over.	d.	all of the above

96.

Many algae switch back and forth between diploid and haploid stages during their life cycle in a process known as

a.	asexual reproduction.	c.	fusion of opposite mating types.
b.	sexual reproduction.	d.	alternation of generations.

97.

In biology, an evolutionary innovation is also referred to as a

a.	molecular clock.	c.	derived character.
b.	taxonomic group.	d.	physical similarity.

98.

In an amoeba, a small cavity within the cytoplasm that stores food is called a

a.	gullet.	c.	contractile vacuole.
b.	pseudopod.	d.	food vacuole.

99.

One of the main functions of stems is to

a.	store water.
b.	carry out photosynthesis.
c.	store carbohydrates.
d.	transport substances between roots and leaves.

100.

A theory

a.	is always true.
b.	may be revised or replaced.
c.	is the opening statement of an experiment.
d.	is a problem to be solved.

101.

Which of the following describes the heartwood of a tree?

a.	produces protective layers of cork
b.	old, nonfunctioning phloem
c.	active xylem that transports water and minerals
d.	old, nonfunctioning xylem

102.

In oomycetes, sexual reproduction takes place in the

a.	sporangium.	c.	migrating colony.
b.	zoosporangium.	d.	antheridium and oogonium.

103.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of a leaf through the

a.	palisade mesophyll.	c.	stomata.
b.	phloem.	d.	guard cells.

104.

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires

a.	exercise.	c.	oxygen.
b.	light.	d.	glucose.

105.

Which of the following contain a nucleus?

a.	bacteria	c.	prokaryotes
b.	organelles	d.	eukaryotes

106.

A vaccine would be useful if given to

a.	a potato farmer whose entire crop is infected with a potato virus.	c.	a nurse who works around people infected with tuberculosis.
b.	a teenager who has strep throat.	d.	a cow that probably has mad cow disease.

107.

What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derived characters appeared in organisms?

a.	traditional classification	c.	taxonomy
b.	anatomy	d.	cladistic analysis

108.

Which of the following characteristics of living things best explains why birds fly south for the winter?

a.	Living things maintain internal balance.
b.	Living things respond to their environment.
c.	Living things are made up of units called cells.
d.	Living things are based on a universal genetic code.

109.

Which of the following are members of the kingdom Archaebacteria?

a.	eubacteria	c.	eukaryotes
b.	E. coli	d.	methanogens

110.

The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process?

a.	glycolysis	c.	lactic acid fermentation
b.	the Krebs cycle	d.	alcoholic fermentation

111.

Which of the following is false?

a.	A stroma contains a thylakoid.	c.	A thylakoid contains chlorophyll.
b.	A chloroplast contains stroma.	d.	A granum contains several thylakoids.

112.

A genus is composed of a number of related

a.	species.	c.	orders.
b.	phyla.	d.	kingdoms.

113.

Which of the following is a way that bacteria cause disease?

a.	by nitrogen fixation	c.	by capsids
b.	by conjugation	d.	by releasing toxins

114.

For many species, there are often regional differences in their

a.	common names.	c.	scientific names.
b.	taxa.	d.	binomial nomenclature.

115.

The movement of sugars in a plant can be explained by

a.	root pressure.	c.	capillary action.
b.	the pressure-flow hypothesis.	d.	transpiration pull.

116.

Bacteria that cause disease are called

a.	viruses.	c.	endospores.
b.	antibiotics.	d.	pathogens.

117.

How many meters are in 2.4 km?

a.	24,000	c.	2,400
b.	240,000	d.	240

118.

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called a(an)

a.	division of labor.	c.	tissue.
b.	organ system.	d.	organ.

119.

The cell theory applies to

a.	multicellular organisms.	c.	plants and animals.
b.	bacteria.	d.	all of the above

Figure 19–1

120.

Which structure or structures shown in Figure 19–1 have key differences in eubacteria and archaebacteria?

a.	A, B, C	c.	A only
b.	D only	d.	A, B, E

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

121.

Paleontologists study dinosaurs and other ancient life. _________________________

122.

Protists are a diverse group of mainly multicellular eukaryotes. _________________________

123.

carry electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain. _________________________

124.

Slime molds are funguslike protists that play key roles in recycling organic matter. _________________________

125.

Ultimately, the energy that a carnivore, such as a wolf, uses comes from sunlight. _________________________

126.

The bacterium Rhizobium, which grows on the roots of legumes, helps “fix” the carbon in the air by forming ammonium. _________________________

127.

Once equilibrium is reached, roughly equal numbers of molecules move in either direction across a semipermeable membrane, and there is no further change in concentration on either side of the membrane. _________________________

128.

The main function of the cell wall is to provide support and protection. _________________________

129.

Either cellular respiration or fermentation can be used to release energy, depending on the presence of carbohydrates. _________________________

130.

Blooms of dinoflagellates can cause red tides. _________________________

131.

If a plant is placed in a greenhouse held at 40°C, the plant will probably increase its normal rate of photosynthesis. _________________________

132.

If you grind up the chloroplasts found in spinach leaves into a liquid solution, the solution will have a green color. _________________________

133.

The principal organs in which plants carry out photosynthesis are leaves. _________________________

134.

The secondary growth of a dicot stem results from cell divisions in the stem’s vascular cambium and xylem. _________________________

135.

If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such as fats, for energy. _________________________

136.

ATP synthesis depends directly on the availability of light energy. _________________________

Figure 7–1

137.

The cell represented in Figure 7–1 is a eukaryote. _________________________

138.

A disinfectant is a chemical solution that kills bacteria. _________________________

139.

During the course of a long race, a person’s muscle cells will use both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP. _________________________

140.

During the light-dependent reactions, plants use the energy in ATP and NADPH to build high-energy sugars. _________________________

141.

An important goal of a scientist is to use evidence to learn about the natural world. _________________________

142.

The nuclear envelope regulates which substances enter and leave a cell. _________________________

143.

Transpiration from leaves occurs because of the osmosis of water from the leaf to the environment. _________________________

Figure 8–1

144.

The substance represented in Figure 8–1 is called ATP. _________________________

145.

In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. _________________________

146.

Scientists reason that archaebacteria may be the ancestors of eukaryotes. If this is true, then archaebacteria and eukaryotes share a common ancestor that is more recent than the common ancestor of archaebacteria and eubacteria. _________________________

147.

The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP. _________________________

148.

Unlike many others in the same phylum, the spores of the Myxomycota that caused potato blight in nineteenth-century Ireland are airborne. _________________________

149.

A major difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria is the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell membrane of eubacteria._________________________

Figure 19–2

150.

Figure 19–2 shows the three shapes of viruses. _________________________

151.

Dried Porphyran, called nori in Japanese, is a green alga. _________________________

152.

Cladistic analysis considers characteristics that have arisen as lineages have evolved over time. _________________________

153.

The variable that is deliberately changed is called the responding variable. _________________________

154.

Scientists often look for similar genes in very dissimilar organisms. _________________________

155.

An order is a broad taxonomic category composed of similar phyla. _________________________

156.

Members of the phylum Rhodophyta contain the accessory pigment phycobilin. _________________________

157.

The older kingdom Monera contains the same organisms as the two domains Bacteria and Archaea. _________________________

158.

Many archaebacteria live in extreme environments, such as in Utah’s Great Salt Lake. _________________________

159.

The high concentration of mineral ions in the plant cells causes water molecules to move into the plant by diffusion. _________________________

160.

In cell fractionation, the first step is to place the cells into a centrifuge. _________________________

Completion
Complete each statement.

161.

The use of a two-part scientific name for organisms is called ____________________ nomenclature.

Figure 8–3

162.

The area in Figure 8–3 labeled A is called the ____________________.

163.

The information you gather during an experiment is called your ____________________.

Figure 7–3

164.

The structure labeled ____________________ in Figure 7–3 consists of DNA bound to protein.

165.

Chlorophyll and accessory pigments allow algae to harvest and use the energy of ____________________.

166.

The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by ____________________ molecules.

167.

Large molecules such as glucose that cannot cross the lipid bilayer can still move across the membrane with a concentration gradient by _________________________.

168.

Because algae undergo ________________________, they produce much of Earth’s atmospheric oxygen.

169.

A fish-eating bear indirectly relies on _________________________ protists for food.

170.

The three main stages of cellular respiration are _____________________, the Krebs cycle, and ________________________.

171.

The layer of growing tissue that surrounds the expanding phloem tissue in trees is the _________________________.

172.

Ingenhousz found that plants produce oxygen only in the presence of ____________________.

173.

The roots of grasses are a type of root called a(an) ____________________ root.

174.

A membrane protein called _____________________ allows H⁺ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane out of the thylakoids.

175.

During an experiment, measuring the height of a plant in centimeters would be an example of collecting ____________________ data.

176.

As the relative concentration of mineral ions in a root’s epidermal cells increases, the relative concentration of water molecules ____________________.

177.

In taxonomy, the class Mammalia is grouped with the classes Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, and several classes of fishes into the phylum ____________________.

178.

The cell takes in food and water and eliminates wastes through the _________________________.

179.

Photosynthesis requires light, water, carbon dioxide, and ____________________.

180.

The first protists evolved approximately ___________________ years ago.

Short Answer

181.

What three kinds of tissues does meristematic tissue develop into?

182.

Cellular respiration is able to extract about 38 percent of the potential energy from glucose. What happens to the rest of the energy? Give an example.

Figure 23–3

183.

In Figure 23–3, what is structure C, and what tissues is it made up of?

184.

List the two types of viral infections. Explain what happens to the host cell.

185.

What does the cell theory say?

186.

Root pressure causes guttation, the exuding of water droplets seen in the morning on blades of grass and on the leaf edges of some monocots. Why does guttation not occur in the leaves of trees?

187.

What are the energy totals produced by one molecule of pyruvic acid entering the Krebs cycle?

188.

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

189.

Explain how heterotrophs get their energy from the sun even though they cannot make their own food.

190.

Why might a particular kind of organism have more than one common name?