BIOLOGY 112 - Formative Exam

Name:

Multiple Choice (Value 200)
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

An example of a monocot is a

a.	tomato.	c.	lily.
b.	daisy.	d.	rose.

A lytic infection concludes with the

a.	production of a prophage.
b.	embedding of viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA.
c.	production of messenger RNA.
d.	bursting of the host cell.

Scientists assign each type of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as

a.	traditional classification.	c.	binomial nomenclature.
b.	cladistics.	d.	the three domains.

Viral diseases can be

a.	prevented with vaccines but not treated with antibiotics.
b.	treated with antibiotics and prevented with vaccines.
c.	prevented with antibiotics but not treated with vaccines.
d.	treated with vaccines and prevented with antibiotics.

A benign tumor is one that

a.	does not divide uncontrollably.
b.	is cancerous.
c.	has undergone metastasis.
d.	does not spread to other parts of the body.

Over time, nutrients at the center of a large underground mycelium become depleted, causing new mushrooms to sprout only

a.	in a ring at the outer edges.	c.	when the nutrients are replaced.
b.	in a cluster at the center.	d.	after budding takes place.

An example of an echinoderm is

a.	sponge	c.	clam
b.	squid	d.	sand dollar

Antibiotics fight infections by

a.	killing infected cells.
b.	killing bacteria.
c.	growing green mold that inhibits bacterial growth.
d.	preventing viruses from replicating.

The tubelike structure through which water enters and leaves a mollusk’s body is the

a.	coelom.	c.	sinus.
b.	siphon.	d.	mantle cavity.

10.

In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the

a.	mitochondria.	c.	chloroplasts.
b.	cytoplasm.	d.	cell membrane.

Figure 8–1

11.

In Figure 8–1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule?

a.	A and B	c.	C and D
b.	B and C	d.	all of the above

12.

Look at Figure 8–1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT

a.	structure A.	c.	structure C.
b.	structure B.	d.	structure D.

13.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which archaebacteria and eubacteria differ?

a.	Archaebacteria lack an important carbohydrate found in the cell walls of eubacteria.
b.	Archaebacteria have gene sequences that are similar to those of eukaryotes.
c.	The two groups have very different membrane lipids.
d.	Archaebacteria follow the lytic cycle, while eubacteria follow the lysogenic cycle.

14.

Water is lost from the body by each of the following EXCEPT

a.	circulation.	c.	urinating.
b.	sweating.	d.	respiration.

15.

Which of the following blood cells contain hemoglobin?

a.	white blood cells	c.	platelets
b.	red blood cells	d.	all of the above

16.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all plants?

a.	are eukaryotic	c.	produce seeds
b.	are multicellular	d.	have cell walls

17.

Where does the process of chemical digestion begin?

a.	stomach	c.	esophagus
b.	mouth	d.	small intestine

18.

Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?

a.	nucleolus	c.	cytoplasm
b.	chromatin	d.	DNA

19.

Several different classes make up a

a.	phylum.	c.	kingdom.
b.	family.	d.	genus.

20.

Which type of plant lives the longest?

a.	annual	c.	biennial
b.	perennial	d.	seasonal

21.

The roads of a city are similar to what structures in the circulatory system?

a.	air passageway	c.	blood
b.	blood vessels	d.	heart

22.

What is the term for a group of organisms of one type living in the same place?

a.	environment	c.	biosphere
b.	ecosystem	d.	population

23.

Which of the following includes all the others?

a.	phloem	c.	xylem
b.	vascular tissue	d.	tracheids

24.

Xylem and phloem are NOT

a.	present in bryophytes.	c.	vascular tissues.
b.	present in ferns.	d.	conducting tissues.

25.

Which of the following includes a plant embryo, a food supply, and a protective covering?

a.	spore	c.	pollen grain
b.	gametophyte	d.	seed

26.

Generally speaking, what controls breathing?

a.	the diaphragm	c.	the brain
b.	the lungs	d.	the heart

27.

A cnidarian’s gastrovascular cavity is specialized for

a.	reproduction.	c.	capturing prey.
b.	digestion.	d.	sensing the environment.

28.

An example of a chelicerate is a

a.	lobster.	c.	spider.
b.	crayfish.	d.	centipede.

29.

How much blood does the human body contain?

a.	12–14 liters	c.	8–10 liters
b.	1–2 liters	d.	4–6 liters

30.

The nerve cells of cnidarians make up a(an)

a.	brain.	c.	ocelli.
b.	hydrostatic skeleton.	d.	nerve net.

31.

Which of the following statements is true about bryophytes?

a.	They draw up water by osmosis.
b.	They are not highly dependent on water.
c.	They have specialized tissues that conduct water.
d.	They are a group of plants made up of algae and mosses.

32.

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

a.	ribosome	c.	mitochondrion
b.	smooth endoplasmic reticulum	d.	chloroplast

33.

Which structures carry out cell movement?

a.	microtubules and microfilaments	c.	nucleolus and nucleus
b.	chromosomes	d.	cytoplasm and ribosomes

34.

What does the presence of similar genes in very dissimilar organisms imply?

a.	The organisms share a common ancestor.
b.	The genes were produced by different selection pressures.
c.	The genes became identical through mutation.
d.	The organisms do not share a common ancestor.

35.

Which blood cells are most numerous in the body?

a.	platelets	c.	white
b.	plasma	d.	red

36.

Flowering plants that complete a life cycle within a single growing season are called

a.	dicots.	c.	annuals.
b.	monocots.	d.	perennials.

37.

What substance found in the skeleton of a desert-dwelling beetle is likely to be absent from the skeleton of an aquatic beetle?

a.	chitin	c.	wax
b.	protein	d.	silk

38.

Which of the following is NOT a step in the light-dependent reactions?

a.	High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.
b.	Pigments in photosystem II absorb light.
c.	ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars.
d.	ATP synthase allows H⁺ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane.

39.

Because bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, they

a.	obtain all their water from the surrounding air.
b.	show alternation of generations.
c.	have true roots, stems, and leaves.
d.	grow close to the ground.

40.

Mollusks have a

a.	shell
b.	foot.
c.	all of the above
d.	mantle

41.

The body’s nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include

a.	killer T cells.	c.	antibodies.
b.	antibiotics.	d.	mucus, sweat, and tears.

42.

In science, a hypothesis is useful only if

a.	it is proven correct.	c.	it can be proven incorrect.
b.	the explanation is already known.	d.	it can be tested.

43.

Which of these animals has a true coelom?

a.	planarian	c.	earthworm
b.	tapeworm	d.	filarial worm

44.

Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows cells to

a.	respond to their environment.	c.	be less complex.
b.	reproduce.	d.	perform different functions.

45.

When a doctor suggests following a diet low in saturated fats, which of the following forms of oil is a preferred choice to use in cooking?

a.	animal fats
b.	vegetable oil
c.	butter
d.	oils with single bonds between their carbon atoms

46.

A blood pressure reading of 120/80

a.	indicates a diastolic blood prssure of 120.
b.	indicates a systolic blood pressure of 120.
c.	is determined by using a sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure in the veins.
d.	is an indication of hypertension in a resting adult.

47.

An example of an arachnid is a

a.	crayfish.	c.	centipede.
b.	spider.	d.	lobster.

48.

The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is

a.	Eubacteria.	c.	Eukarya.
b.	Bacteria.	d.	Archaea.

49.

Which statement mainly explains why even well-conditioned athletes have to pace themselves for athletic events that last several hours?

a.	Heavy breathing is needed to get rid of lactic acid.
b.	Lactic acid fermentation can cause muscle soreness.
c.	Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation does.
d.	all of the above

50.

Viruses cause disease by

a.	disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium.
b.	forming endospores in the body.
c.	reproducing independently inside the body.
d.	producing toxins that harm the body.

51.

In an echinoderm, the structure that operates like a living suction cup is the

a.	nerve ring.	c.	stomach.
b.	madreporite.	d.	tube foot.

52.

Which of the following will NOT kill bacteria?

a.	refrigeration	c.	boiling
b.	frying	d.	chemical disinfection

53.

A method called Gram staining is used to tell

a.	what kind of cell wall a prokaryote has.
b.	what shape a prokaryote has.
c.	how a prokaryote obtains energy.
d.	whether a prokaryote has flagella.

54.

Roundworms with evolution of body cavity belong to which phylum?

a.	Cnidaria	c.	Arthropoda
b.	Nemotoda	d.	Mollusca

55.

The energy needed to win a 2-minute footrace is produced mostly by

a.	lactic acid fermentation.	c.	cellular respiration.
b.	breaking down fats.	d.	using up stores of ATP.

Figure 38–1

56.

In what structure in Figure 38–1 do filtration and reabsorption occur?

a.	renal vein	c.	urinary bladder
b.	kidney	d.	ureter

57.

Which of the following would NOT be found in the stomach?

a.	mucus	c.	pepsin
b.	villi	d.	hydrochloric acid

58.

Which of the following is(are) used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis?

a.	light	c.	carbon dioxide
b.	water	d.	all of the above

59.

Which appendages are especially important in the classification of arthropods?

a.	mouthparts	c.	swimmerets
b.	legs	d.	antennae

60.

The skeleton of an echinoderm is an

a.	endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate.
b.	exoskeleton made of chitin.
c.	exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate.
d.	endoskeleton made of chitin.

61.

A student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27°C. The gas being collected is probably

a.	oxygen.	c.	vaporized water.
b.	ATP.	d.	carbon dioxide.

62.

What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the environment?

a.	an action potential	c.	an impulse
b.	a dendrite	d.	a threshold

63.

Similar genes are evidence of

a.	different anatomy.	c.	mutations.
b.	binomial nomenclature.	d.	common ancestry.

64.

What is the basic structure of a virus?

a.	a tail sheath surrounded by tail fibers
b.	DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
c.	a tiny cell surrounded by a cell wall
d.	a capsid surrounded by a protein coat

65.

Seed-bearing plants differ from all other plants in that

a.	their gametes do not require water for fertilization to occur.
b.	they have only xylem and no phloem tissue.
c.	they have a gametophyte generation.
d.	they have true roots, stems, and leaves.

66.

Soft, thin, flat bodies are characteristics of which phylum?

a.	Platyheliminthes	c.	Arthropoda
b.	Cnidaria	d.	Mollusca

67.

Scientists have found that humans and yeasts

a.	share all aspects of cellular structure.
b.	have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins.
c.	have nothing in common.
d.	cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness.

68.

Plants take in the sun’s energy by absorbing

a.	sunlight.	c.	chlorophyll b.
b.	high-energy sugars.	d.	chlorophyll a.

69.

How are infectious diseases spread?

a.	by infected animals
b.	through contaminated water and food
c.	through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact
d.	all of the above

70.

In a mycorrhizal relationship, what benefit does the plant get from the fungus?

a.	aid in the absorption of water and minerals	c.	products of photosynthesis
b.	protection from harsh conditions	d.	aid in seed dispersal

71.

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

a.	food molecules.	c.	carbon dioxide.
b.	water.	d.	ATP.

72.

Unlike a dicot, a monocot has

a.	parallel leaf veins.	c.	taproots.
b.	two cotyledons.	d.	four or five petals per flower.

73.

Which of the following is false?

a.	A granum contains several thylakoids.	c.	A thylakoid contains chlorophyll.
b.	A stroma contains a thylakoid.	d.	A chloroplast contains stroma.

74.

Which of the following are the smallest of the blood vessels?

a.	capillaries	c.	lymphatic cells
b.	arteries	d.	veins

75.

What causes asthma?

a.	Particular antigens trigger muscle contractions that make it difficult to breathe.
b.	Antibodies and killer T cells attack cells in the tissues of the lungs.
c.	Particular antigens trigger mast cells to release histamines.
d.	Antibodies and killer T cells attack cells in the lining of the heart.

76.

Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?

a.	vacuole	c.	Golgi apparatus
b.	mitochondrion	d.	ribosome

77.

Which organ helps to regulate blood pressure?

a.	liver	c.	kidney
b.	gall bladder	d.	spleen

78.

Animals that have a backbone that supports the body are part of which phylum?

a.	Nemotoda	c.	Arthropoda
b.	Chordata	d.	Annelida

79.

Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?

a.	glycolysis	c.	electron transport
b.	Krebs cycle	d.	all of the above

80.

A type of worm that is an external parasite is the

a.	earthworm.	c.	tapeworm.
b.	polychaete.	d.	leech.

81.

The body symmetry of a cnidarian is

a.	radial .
b.	sphercial
c.	bilateral.
d.	asymmetry

82.

Proteins are polymers of

a.	amino acids.	c.	unsaturated fats.
b.	lipids.	d.	vitamins.

83.

Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period results in

a.	hypotheses.	c.	inferences.
b.	data.	d.	variables.

84.

Water is extracted from digested food in the body primarily by the

a.	pancreas.	c.	large intestine.
b.	gallbladder.	d.	bladder.

85.

Which of the following is true about mosses?

a.	They are the least common bryophytes.
b.	They are very rare in polar regions.
c.	Long, thin cells called rhizoids anchor them in the ground.
d.	Some mosses form clumps of green sporophytes growing together.

86.

Which of the following activities is the best analogy for respiration?

a.	receiving a gift	c.	sitting in a chair
b.	exchanging gifts	d.	giving a gift

87.

Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

a.	electron transport	c.	glycolysis
b.	Krebs cycle	d.	fermentation

88.

An animal that has an imaginary plane passing through the middle and produce equalt left and right sides shows

a.	several planes of symmetry.	c.	radial symmetry.
b.	bilateral symmetry.	d.	segmentation.

89.

Which level of organization includes all of the other levels?

a.	organism	c.	ecosystem
b.	community	d.	population

90.

Athlete’s foot is caused by the same fungus that causes

a.	moldy bread.	c.	ringworm.
b.	wheat rust.	d.	thrush.

91.

The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system is

a.	the kingdom.	c.	the domain.
b.	the genus.	d.	the phylum.

92.

Organisms that spend their entire adult lives attached to one spot are said to be

a.	heterotrophic.	c.	sessile.
b.	symmetric.	d.	flagellated.

93.

Which of the following statements explains why the nucleus is important to cells?

a.	The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
b.	The nucleus contains coded instructions for making proteins.
c.	Only prokaryotes have nuclei.
d.	Only eukaryotes have nuclei.

94.

The function of the excretory system is to control homeostasis and

a.	break down nutrients.	c.	remove wastes.
b.	absorb nutrients.	d.	prevent infection.

95.

When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will

a.	move across the membrane in both directions.
b.	move across the membrane to the outside of the cell.
c.	stop moving across the membrane.
d.	move across the membrane to the inside of the cell.

96.

Suppose Priestley repeated his experiment using many kinds of plants besides mint, and that when different plants were placed under the jar the candle remained lighted for different periods of time. What would be a logical conclusion from these experiments?

a.	Different plants require different amounts of light.
b.	Different plants require different amounts of water.
c.	Different plants release different amounts of oxygen.
d.	Different plants release different amounts of carbon dioxide.

97.

Uncontrollable pain and sickness occur because the body cannot produce enough endorphins when a drug user attempts to stop using

a.	opiates.	c.	marijuana.
b.	crack.	d.	cocaine.

98.

When a person receives a vaccine, his or her body

a.	receives antibodies against a specific pathogen.
b.	immediately begins fighting the infection caused by the pathogens.
c.	creates plasma cells that can produce antibodies against the specific pathogen.
d.	creates antigens to fight the specific pathogen.

99.

The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria is

a.	Archaea.	c.	Eukarya.
b.	Bacteria.	d.	Fungi.

100.

The trend of the Food Guide Pyramid is that the majority of the food in your diet should be from

a.	the group(s) at the top.
b.	the group(s) at the bottom.
c.	the group(s) in the middle.
d.	all of the groups in the same proportion.

101.

Which process enables the body to maintain a stable temperature?

a.	cellular activity	c.	feedback inhibition
b.	circulation	d.	heating

102.

Which of the following are members of the kingdom Archaebacteria?

a.	eukaryotes	c.	eubacteria
b.	E. coli	d.	methanogens

103.

Which of the following is inside the thylakoid membrane?

a.	electron transport chain	c.	photosystem I
b.	ATP synthase	d.	all of the above

104.

Before Linnaeus, scientific names were problematic because they were

a.	very long and difficult to standardize.	c.	written only in Greek.
b.	written only in Latin.	d.	too brief to be descriptive.

105.

The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called

a.	homeostasis.	c.	metabolism.
b.	evolution.	d.	photosynthesis.

106.

Bacteria that break down the nutrients in dead matter into simpler substances that are taken up by plant roots are called

a.	decomposers.	c.	photoautotrophs.
b.	endospores.	d.	flagella.

107.

A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations is a(an)

a.	hypothesis.	c.	theory.
b.	controlled experiment.	d.	inference.

108.

Lead pollution is no longer a serious problem because

a.	leaded gasoline was replaced with unleaded gasoline.
b.	lead particulates are not easily inhaled.
c.	lead particulates are washed into rivers and streams.
d.	asbestos is now used instead of lead.

109.

Sporangia are found at the tops of specialized hyphae called

a.	sporangiophores.	c.	stolons.
b.	mycelia.	d.	gametangia.

110.

For a neuron to reach an action potential, it must

a.	reverse the electrical charge across the cell membrane.
b.	release electrons.
c.	take in sodium ions.
d.	absorb calcium.

Figure 19–2

111.

Which cell shape in Figure 19–2 is called a coccus?

a.	A	c.	B
b.	C	d.	none of the above

112.

What can occur if a person does not take in enough water to replace what is lost?

a.	circulatory problems	c.	dehydration
b.	nervous system problems	d.	all of the above

113.

The body’s most important nonspecific defense is

a.	the skin.	c.	cell-mediated immunity.
b.	the inflammatory response.	d.	permanent immunity.

114.

Which of the following is the first step in blood clotting?

a.	Platelets release clotting factor.
b.	Fibrin filaments produce a clot.
c.	Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
d.	Thromboplastin converts prothrombin to thrombin.

115.

The second part of a scientific name is unique to each

a.	species in its genus.	c.	genus in its family.
b.	family in its order.	d.	order in its class.

116.

Swollen lymph nodes might indicate

a.	high blood pressure.	c.	an infection.
b.	varicose veins.	d.	an irregular heartbeat.

117.

Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened in the

a.	nose and mouth.	c.	lungs.
b.	throat.	d.	pharynx.

118.

HIV weakens the immune system by killing

a.	killer T cells.	c.	helper T cells.
b.	antibodies.	d.	B cells.

119.

Living on land required that plants

a.	have cell walls.	c.	exchange gases.
b.	conserve water.	d.	evolve photosynthetic pigments.

120.

The body of an annelid has

a.	stinging tentacles.	c.	a backbone.
b.	an external shell.	d.	segments.

121.

How do polyps differ from medusas?

a.	Medusas are carnivorous, and polyps are not.
b.	Medusas are cylindrical and usually sessile, and polyps are bell-shaped and motile.
c.	Polyps have a mesoglea, and medusas do not.
d.	Polyps are cylindrical and usually sessile, and medusas are bell-shaped and motile.

122.

In the scientific version of a species name, which of the terms is capitalized?

a.	the second term only	c.	both the first and second terms
b.	the first term only	d.	neither the first nor the second term

123.

Where are the cells that make up the sinoatrial node, or pacemaker, located?

a.	left atrium	c.	left ventricle
b.	right ventricle	d.	right atrium

124.

Eukaryotes usually contain

a.	specialized organelles.	c.	a nucleus.
b.	genetic material.	d.	all of the above

125.

The raw materials that the body needs for growth and repair come from

a.	water.	c.	proteins.
b.	unsaturated fats.	d.	carbohydrates.

126.

The main function of the cell wall is to

a.	support and protect the cell.	c.	direct the activities of the cell.
b.	help the cell move.	d.	store DNA.

127.

Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called

a.	Fungi.	c.	Monera.
b.	Eukarya.	d.	Animalia.

128.

Which body system acts in a way similar to a transportation system?

a.	circulatory	c.	nervous
b.	excretory	d.	respiratory

129.

Which of the following is an example of a vector and the disease it spreads?

a.	insecticides and malaria	c.	tall grass and Lyme disease
b.	the Nile river and West Nile disease	d.	the deer tick and Lyme disease

130.

Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?

a.	Plantae	c.	Protista
b.	Fungi	d.	Animalia

131.

Which of the following invertebrates is NOT a crustacean?

a.	spider	c.	crayfish
b.	barnacle	d.	lobster

132.

Which organelle breaks down food into molecules the cell can use?

a.	lysosome	c.	Golgi apparatus
b.	mitochondrion	d.	endoplasmic reticulum

133.

What gas, found in cigarette smoke, blocks the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood?

a.	hydrogen peroxide	c.	carbon dioxide
b.	sodium bicarbonate	d.	carbon monoxide

134.

Which organelles help provide cells with energy?

a.	smooth endoplasmic reticulum	c.	rough endoplasmic reticulum
b.	mitochondria and chloroplasts	d.	Golgi apparatus and ribosomes

135.

Many sponges protect themselves from predators by producing

a.	nematocysts.	c.	larvae.
b.	toxins.	d.	choanocytes.

136.

Plant viruses have a difficult time entering the cells they infect partly because

a.	plant viruses are weaker than animal viruses.
b.	many plant viruses are spread by insects.
c.	plant viruses do not have a protein coat.
d.	plant cells have tough cell walls.

137.

Soft-bodied animals which usually have a shell is a characteristic of which phylum?

a.	Nemotoda	c.	Mollusca
b.	Arthropoda	d.	Cnidaria

138.

The energy to perform actions, as well as the materials from which body cells and tissues are made, comes from

a.	food.	c.	blood.
b.	oxygen.	d.	cellulose.

139.

Long animals which are divided into segments are part of which phylum?

a.	Annelida	c.	Nemotoda
b.	Arthropoda	d.	Chordata

140.

All of the following are ways that HIV can be spread EXCEPT

a.	sharing needles for intravenous drug use.
b.	using another person’s hairbrush.
c.	tending to another person’s bleeding wound when you have a cut on your hand.
d.	having sex without a condom.

141.

Echinoderms are like vertebrates in that echinoderms

a.	are deuterostomes.
b.	have cephalization.
c.	are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae and as adults.
d.	have an anterior end and a posterior end.

142.

Which of the following is a proper use of disinfectants?

a.	to start conjugation	c.	to preserve foods
b.	to sterilize a hospital	d.	as an antibiotic

143.

HIV spreads through the body by

a.	replicating inside the cells of the immune system.
b.	preventing the body from producing antibodies against HIV.
c.	causing the body to have asthma attacks.
d.	strengthening the immune system.

144.

Which of the following is(are) used to identify prokaryotes?

a.	the way prokaryotes move	c.	the way prokaryotes obtain energy
b.	cell shape	d.	all of the above

145.

The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are

a.	Eubacteria and Archaea.	c.	Eukarya and Bacteria.
b.	Archaea and Eukarya.	d.	Archaea and Bacteria.

146.

The division of the nervous system that helps the body react to pain is the

a.	somatic nervous system.	c.	sympathetic nervous system.
b.	autonomic nervous system.	d.	sensory nervous system.

147.

Some scientists propose that the kingdom Protista should be broken up into several kingdoms. Which of these statements accurately supports this idea?

a.	Protista evolved before any other kingdom.
b.	Protista contains very diverse organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
c.	Protists are all very similar and easy to confuse.
d.	Protists are the most numerous organisms on Earth.

148.

Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called

a.	pigments.	c.	heterotrophs.
b.	autotrophs.	d.	thylakoids.

149.

Jelly like animals that have a bell or umbrella shape belong to which phylum?

a.	Platyhelminthes	c.	Cnidaria
b.	Porifera	d.	Nemotoda

150.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pancreas?

a.	produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid
b.	produces bile
c.	produces hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
d.	produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

151.

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from

a.	an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
b.	an area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration.
c.	an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
d.	all of the above

152.

The simplest animals which gain nutrients by filtering water, are part of what phylum?

a.	Cnidaria	c.	Porifera
b.	Nemotoda	d.	Platyhelminthes

153.

The Krebs cycle does not occur if

a.	carbon dioxide is present.	c.	fermentation occurs.
b.	oxygen is present.	d.	glycolysis occurs.

154.

If the skin is cut or broken, an infection can result from microorganisms

a.	in the air.	c.	on the skin.
b.	in the mucus.	d.	in the blood.

155.

The mollusks that would move the most are the

a.	nudibranchs.	c.	gastropods.
b.	bivalves.	d.	cephalopods.

156.

Doctors first suspected that AIDS was weakening the immune system of infected patients when their patients developed

a.	rare infections.	c.	strep throat.
b.	allergies.	d.	asthma.

157.

Lizards, snakes, and alligators are examples of class

a.	Amphibia	c.	Reptilia
b.	Agnatha	d.	Aves

158.

If a person has memory B cells against a certain pathogen, the person is

a.	probably still sick with the disease.
b.	much less likely to develop the disease a second time.
c.	likely to develop that disease.
d.	able to spread the disease to others through physical contact.

159.

All of the following are example of arthropods EXCEPT

a.	insects	c.	arachnids
b.	crustaceans	d.	bivalves

160.

Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of

a.	repaying an oxygen debt.	c.	making more citric acid.
b.	recharging the electron transport chain.	d.	restarting glycolysis.

161.

Which of the following structures is found in the cytoplasm?

a.	nucleolus	c.	chromatin
b.	ribosome	d.	cell wall

162.

Three body parts, jointed legs and a tough exoskeleton are characteristics of which phylum?

a.	mollusca	c.	arthropoda
b.	nemotoda	d.	Cnidaria

163.

Which of the following fluids is made up mostly of water?

a.	lymph	c.	blood
b.	other body fluids	d.	all of the above

164.

Flatworms belong to the phylum?

a.	Nemotoda
b.	Playthelminthes
c.	Chordata
d.	Annelida

Figure 37–1

165.

Into what substance is fibrinogen converted?

a.	platelets	c.	fibrin
b.	thrombin	d.	thromboplastin

166.

The outer protein coat of a virus is called a

a.	DNA core.	c.	bacteriophage.
b.	capsid.	d.	tail sheath.

167.

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

a.	surrounds the cell	c.	helps a cell keep its shape
b.	helps make proteins	d.	contains DNA

168.

Which statement about Penicillium is correct?

a.	It causes bread to rise.	c.	It causes athlete’s foot.
b.	It is the source of an antibiotic.	d.	It produces mushrooms.

169.

Which of the following is a mechanism that some antiviral drugs use to fight viruses?

a.	killing both bacterial and human cells
b.	interfering with the ability of viruses to invade cells and multiply once inside of them
c.	increasing protein synthesis on ribosomes
d.	none of the above

170.

A student suggests that a certain species of bacteria grows better in the light than in the dark. The student has 10 culture plates on which to grow the bacteria. Which of the following would be the best experiment to test this idea?

a.	Grow 10 plates in the light, with extra water.
b.	Grow 5 plates in the dark and 5 plates in the light.
c.	Grow 10 plates in the light.
d.	Grow 10 plates in the dark.

171.

Humans use bacteria to

a.	clean up small oil spills.	c.	synthesize drugs.
b.	mine minerals from the ground.	d.	all of the above

172.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the process of sweating?

a.	Excessive sweating can lead to dehydration.
b.	Sweating is likely to occur after strenuous exercise.
c.	Sweating is more likely to occur on hot days than cool days.
d.	Evaporation of sweat warms the body.

173.

Which plasma proteins help to regulate osmotic pressure and blood volume?

a.	platelets	c.	albumins
b.	globulins	d.	fibrinogens

174.

What does molting enable arthropods to do?

a.	to breathe	c.	to eat
b.	to reproduce	d.	to grow

175.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

a.	All cells are produced by existing cells.
b.	All living things are made of cells.
c.	Cells are the basic units of life.
d.	Very few cells reproduce.

176.

Insects are classified as

a.	crustaceans.	c.	chelicerates.
b.	arachnids.	d.	uniramians.

177.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the circulatory system?

a.	blood	c.	blood vessels
b.	heart	d.	air passageway

178.

Typical primitive arthropods had bodies that were composed of

a.	one segment	c.	many segments
b.	no segments	d.	three segments

179.

The nervous system of a roundworm includes

a.	several ganglia.	c.	a single ganglion.
b.	a complex brain.	d.	a simple brain.

180.

Warm-blooded animals that have mammary glands to produce their own milk are in class

a.	Aves	c.	Agnatha
b.	Reptilia	d.	Mammalia

181.

The function of valves in the human circulatory system is to

a.	prevent the backward flow of blood.	c.	accelerate the flow of blood.
b.	stimulate the heartbeat.	d.	serve as a cushion to prevent friction.

Modified True/False (Value 30)
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

182.

Digestive enzymes found in the small intestine break down undigested fats. _________________________

183.

If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such as fats, for energy. _________________________

184.

Microscopes produce images by focusing light rays or beams of cells. _________________________

185.

The assembly of ribosomes begins in a small dense structure called the chromatin. _________________________

186.

During the course of a long race, a person’s muscle cells will use both cellular respiration and lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP. _________________________

187.

The variable that is deliberately changed is called the responding variable. _________________________

188.

Without the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain would produce very few ATPs. _________________________

Figure 19–2

189.

Figure 19–2 shows the three shapes of viruses. _________________________

190.

If you grind up the chloroplasts found in spinach leaves into a liquid solution, the solution will have a green color. _________________________

191.

The first number of a blood pressure measurement is the diastolic pressure. _________________________

192.

If a plant is placed in a greenhouse held at 40°C, the plant will probably increase its normal rate of photosynthesis. _________________________

193.

A scientist working in the early 1900s came up with a hypothesis. Over the next 100 years, other scientists tested the hypothesis and found that it always held true. This hypothesis can now rightfully be called a result. ________________________

194.

Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins into the body. _________________________

Figure 8–3

195.

If you were to isolate the structure shown in Figure 8–3, it would appear green. _________________________

196.

Zebras, water buffalo, and gazelles live together on an African prairie. Together these animals are considered to be a community because a community is made up of many organisms. _________________________________

197.

The vast majority of multicellular organisms reproduce asexually. _________________________

198.

Scientists often look for similar genes in very dissimilar organisms. _________________________

199.

Once equilibrium is reached, roughly equal numbers of molecules move in either direction across a semipermeable membrane, and there is no further change in concentration on either side of the membrane. _________________________

200.

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments. _________________________

201.

In zygomycetes, the sporangiophore is the only 2N fungal structure. _________________________

202.

Scientists are persuaded by logical arguments that are supported by evidence. _________________________

203.

Cilia and flagella are made of protein filaments called endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________

204.

A typical organ is made up of many different kinds of cells and tissues. _________________________

205.

The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP. _________________________

206.

A red blood cell placed in pure water will shrink. _________________________

207.

Ribosomes stud the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. _________________________

208.

Paleontologists study dinosaurs and other ancient life. _________________________

Completion (Value 18)
Complete each statement.

209.

In science, a theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of ____________________.

210.

In traditional classification, some similarities that were used to group organisms were based on _________________________ instead of a shared evolutionary history.

211.

____________________ are effective at treating strep throat, but not at treating the flu.

212.

Two turns of the Krebs cycle will result in ____________________ ATP molecules.

213.

Blood, lymph, and other bodily fluids consist mostly of ____________________.

214.

Animal-like protists that use structures called ____________________ for movement and for feeding are members of the phylum Sarcodina.

215.

In Ulva, the haploid reproductive cells are called spores; these are analogous to the ____________________ of Chlamydomonas.

216.

Eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi are considered ____________________.

217.

A genetic disorder called ____________________ results from a defective protein in the clotting pathway.

218.

The sporozoan Plasmodium, carried from host to host by mosquitoes, causes ____________________, a very serious infectious disease.

Figure 9–1

219.

In Figure 9–1, only the pathway labeled ____________________ requires oxygen.

220.

Fungal spores are produced in structures called ____________________.

221.

Farmers must plant wheat each year because wheat is a(an) ____________________.

222.

A membrane protein called _____________________ allows H⁺ ions to pass through the thylakoid membrane out of the thylakoids.

223.

____________________ protists are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.