Biol 112 Exam Review

Name:

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The cell theory applies to

a.	bacteria.	c.	multicellular organisms.
b.	plants and animals.	d.	all of the above

Which type(s) of microscopes can produce three-dimensional images of cells?

a.	transmission electron microscopes	c.	both A and B
b.	scanning electron microscopes	d.	neither A nor B

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

a.	chloroplast	c.	endoplasmic reticulum
b.	Golgi apparatus	d.	mitochondrion

Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?

a.	rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, released from the cell
b.	ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast
c.	smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus
d.	mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane

Diffusion occurs because

a.	molecules constantly move and collide with each other.
b.	the concentration of a solution is never the same throughout a solution.
c.	the concentration of a solution is always the same throughout a solution.
d.	molecules never move or collide with each other.

When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will

a.	move across the membrane to the outside of the cell.
b.	stop moving across the membrane.
c.	move across the membrane in both directions.
d.	move across the membrane to the inside of the cell.

The cells of multicellular organisms are

a.	smaller than those of unicellular organisms.
b.	simpler than those of unicellular organisms.
c.	specialized to perform different tasks.
d.	not dependent on one another.

Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?

a.	cell, tissue, organ system	c.	tissue, organ, organ system
b.	organ system, organ, tissue, cell	d.	cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Which of the following is NOT a part of an ATP molecule?

a.	adenine	c.	chlorophyll
b.	ribose	d.	phosphate

10.

In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide result in six molecules of

a.	glucose.	c.	oxygen.
b.	water.	d.	ATP.

11.

Plants take in the sun’s energy by absorbing

a.	high-energy sugars.	c.	chlorophyll b.
b.	chlorophyll a.	d.	sunlight.

12.

A granum is a

a.	stack of chloroplasts.	c.	membrane enclosing a thylakoid.
b.	stack of thylakoids.	d.	photosynthetic pigment molecule.

13.

The stroma is the region outside the

a.	thylakoids.	c.	plant cells.
b.	chloroplasts.	d.	all of the above

14.

Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?

a.	in the stroma	c.	in the ATP
b.	in the thylakoid	d.	in the glucose

15.

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

a.	oxygen gas	c.	NADPH
b.	ATP	d.	all of the above

16.

Why does the inside of the thylakoid membrane become positively charged during the light-dependent reactions?

a.	H⁺ ions are released as water splits.
b.	ATP synthase allows H⁺ ions to pass through the membrane.
c.	ATP synthase produces ATP from ADP.
d.	Carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma.

17.

How does the Calvin cycle differ from the light-dependent reactions?

a.	It takes place in the stroma.	c.	It requires light.
b.	It takes place in chloroplasts.	d.	It takes place in the thylakoid.

18.

What would you expect to happen to plants at temperatures greater than 45°C?

a.	They will have a very high rate of photosynthesis.
b.	They will have a less than optimal rate of photosynthesis.
c.	They will have a high rate of photosynthesis if light intensity is also great.
d.	They will have an optimal rate of photosynthesis if water is available.

Figure 8–2

19.

Which of the graphs in Figure 8–2 represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

a.	A	c.	C
b.	B	d.	D

20.

What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

a.	6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ ® 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy
b.	6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ + Energy ® 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
c.	6CO₂ + 6H₂O ® 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ + Energy
d.	6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy ® 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆

21.

Which organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration?

a.	tree	c.	anaerobic bacterium
b.	mushroom	d.	tiger

22.

The Krebs cycle starts with

a.	lactic acid and yields carbon dioxide.
b.	glucose and yields 32 ATPs.
c.	pyruvic acid and yields lactic acid or alcohol.
d.	pyruvic acid and yields carbon dioxide.

23.

Each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron transport chain provides enough energy to

a.	transport water molecules across the membrane.
b.	convert 3 ADP molecules into 3 ATP molecules.
c.	convert carbon dioxide into water molecules.
d.	break glucose into pyruvic acid.

24.

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make

a.	lactic acid.	c.	alcohol.
b.	citric acid.	d.	ATP.

25.

Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of

a.	making more citric acid.	c.	restarting glycolysis.
b.	repaying an oxygen debt.	d.	recharging the electron transport chain.

26.

If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time that you exercise?

a.	at least 90 seconds	c.	15 to 20 minutes
b.	less than 15 minutes	d.	more than 20 minutes

27.

Before Linnaeus, scientific names were problematic because they were

a.	too brief to be descriptive.	c.	written only in Greek.
b.	very long and difficult to standardize.	d.	written only in Latin.

28.

Several different classes make up a

a.	kingdom.	c.	family.
b.	phylum.	d.	genus.

29.

Which two kingdoms did Linnaeus recognize?

a.	bacteria and animals	c.	plants and animals
b.	plants and fungi	d.	protists and animals

30.

Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class

a.	Amphibia.	c.	Aves.
b.	Mammalia.	d.	Reptilia.

31.

Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily

a.	extinct organisms.	c.	DNA similarities.
b.	RNA similarities.	d.	general similarities in appearance.

32.

Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because of

a.	convergent evolution.	c.	mutations.
b.	molecular clocks.	d.	reclassification.

33.

What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derived characters appeared in organisms?

a.	cladistic analysis	c.	taxonomy
b.	traditional classification	d.	anatomy

34.

In biology, an evolutionary innovation is also referred to as a

a.	derived character.	c.	molecular clock.
b.	taxonomic group.	d.	physical similarity.

35.

The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is

a.	Eubacteria.	c.	Archaea.
b.	Eukarya.	d.	Bacteria.

36.

Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called

a.	Animalia.	c.	Monera.
b.	Fungi.	d.	Eukarya.

37.

Escherichia coli is classified as a(an)

a.	archaebacterium.
b.	eubacterium.
c.	eukaryote.
d.	virus.

38.

Which of the following are members of the kingdom Archaebacteria?

a.	methanogens	c.	eukaryotes
b.	eubacteria	d.	E. coli

Figure 19–1

39.

The structure in Figure 19–1 represents a(an)

a.	virus.	c.	methanogen.
b.	archaebacterium.	d.	eubacterium.

40.

Which of the following can survive either with oxygen or without it?

a.	obligate aerobes	c.	facultative anaerobes
b.	obligate anaerobes	d.	bacteriophages

41.

Some bacteria are able to survive unfavorable conditions by forming

a.	photoautotrophs.	c.	coccus.
b.	capsids.	d.	endospores.

42.

A viral capsid functions to

a.	bind the virus to the surface of a host cell.
b.	transcribe viral genes.
c.	force a host cell to make copies of the virus.
d.	destroy a host cell.

43.

A prophage is made of

a.	bacteriophages.	c.	capsid proteins.
b.	carbohydrates.	d.	viral DNA.

44.

Bacteriophages infect

a.	other viruses.	c.	any available host cell.
b.	bacteria only.	d.	cells undergoing the lytic cycle.

45.

Which of the following is a way that bacteria cause disease?

a.	by capsids	c.	by conjugation
b.	by nitrogen fixation	d.	by releasing toxins

46.

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a bacterium?

a.	tooth decay	c.	AIDS
b.	tuberculosis	d.	Lyme disease

47.

A vaccine would be useful if given to

a.	a potato farmer whose entire crop is infected with a potato virus.	c.	a teenager who has strep throat.
b.	a nurse who works around people infected with tuberculosis.	d.	a cow that probably has mad cow disease.

48.

Food stored in a refrigerator will keep longer because the bacteria that spoil food

a.	die at low temperatures.
b.	take longer to multiply at low temperatures.
c.	require light to live.
d.	grow more slowly in the dark.

49.

Which of the following will NOT kill bacteria?

a.	refrigeration	c.	chemical disinfection
b.	boiling	d.	frying

50.

The sporozoan Plasmodium causes the disease known as

a.	African sleeping sickness.	c.	malaria.
b.	amebic dysentery.	d.	algal bloom.

51.

What effect does a red tide have on humans?

a.	All the fish in the area die, causing local fishermen to lose money.
b.	It is unhealthy to swim in the ocean during a red tide.
c.	The protists help clean up wastes discharged by local sewage pipes.
d.	Eating poisoned shellfish from affected waters can cause sickness and death to humans.

52.

What characteristic of plants is shared by green algae?

a.	cell wall composition	c.	multicellularity
b.	photosynthetic pigments	d.	all of the above

53.

The green alga Chlamydomonas reproduces asexually by producing

a.	gametophytes.	c.	zygotes.
b.	sporophytes.	d.	zoospores.

54.

Funguslike protists get nutrients by

a.	photosynthesis.
b.	living as an animal parasite.
c.	absorbing them from dead or decaying matter.
d.	none of the above

55.

A mushroom is a fungal

a.	fruiting body.	c.	mycorrhiza.
b.	lichen.	d.	yeast.

56.

Dark fuzz that grows on bread is an example of

a.	toadstool.	c.	yeast.
b.	spore.	d.	mold.

57.

Which of the following ingredients is NOT added to bread dough in order to make it rise?

a.	sugar	c.	water
b.	yeast	d.	oxygen

58.

The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota is derived from the shape of their

a.	spores.	c.	basidia.
b.	hyphae.	d.	stalks.

59.

Each of the following is a basidiomycete EXCEPT

a.	shelf fungi.	c.	puffballs.
b.	mushrooms.	d.	cup fungi.

60.

Fungi that absorb food from decaying organic matter are

a.	parasites.	c.	mutualists.
b.	saprobes.	d.	autotrophs.

61.

Fungi feed on

a.	only living organisms.	c.	both living and dead organisms.
b.	only dead organisms.	d.	only other fungi.

Figure 21–2

62.

Figure 21–2 illustrates an association of a(an)

a.	cyanobacterium and a plant.	c.	plant and a fungus.
b.	alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus.	d.	alga and a plant.

63.

The first plants evolved from

a.	mosses that lived in the water.
b.	an organism similar to multicellular green algae.
c.	a protist that lived on land.
d.	prokaryotes that carried on photosynthesis.

64.

The number of seed leaves distinguishes

a.	club mosses from mosses.	c.	two classes of angiosperms.
b.	angiosperms from gymnosperms.	d.	seed plants from seedless plants.

65.

Which of the following statements is true?

a.	The roots of a perennial die at the end of the growing season.
b.	A biennial is smaller during its first growing season.
c.	The stems of all perennials live from one year to the next.
d.	A biennial flowers in both years.

66.

A seed plant is anchored in the ground by its

a.	stems.	c.	leaves.
b.	roots.	d.	trichomes.

67.

Ground tissue is found in a plant’s

a.	stems only.	c.	roots and stems only.
b.	stems and leaves only.	d.	roots, stems, and leaves.

68.

What type of tissue is the first tissue in a plant seedling?

a.	ground	c.	meristematic
b.	vascular	d.	dermal

69.

In plants, mitosis occurs only in

a.	apical meristem of stems.	c.	apical meristem and cambium.
b.	pith and parenchyma.	d.	parenchyma and cambium.

70.

Which of the following should a student examine under a compound microscope to observe cell reproduction?

a.	epidermis of a leaf	c.	xylem from a tree trunk
b.	tip of a shoot	d.	phloem from the leaf of a plant

71.

Which of the following are found mainly in monocots?

a.	taproots	c.	extensive root systems
b.	long, thick primary roots	d.	small secondary roots

72.

The soil around a lilac bush was watered with a solution containing radioactive phosphorus. Several hours later, radiation was detected in its stems. Through which cells did the radioactive phosphorus travel to the stems?

a.	sieve tube elements	c.	tracheids and vessel elements
b.	companion cells	d.	cells of the cortex

73.

One of the main functions of stems is to

a.	carry out photosynthesis.
b.	transport substances between roots and leaves.
c.	store carbohydrates.
d.	store water.

74.

Which of the following describes the heartwood of a tree?

a.	active xylem that transports water and minerals
b.	old, nonfunctioning xylem
c.	old, nonfunctioning phloem
d.	produces protective layers of cork

Figure 23–2

75.

In Figure 23–2, the X points to a

a.	guard cell.	c.	vein.
b.	mesophyll cell.	d.	stoma.

76.

Through which plant cells does water move by capillary action?

a.	phloem cells	c.	mesophyll cells
b.	guard cells	d.	xylem cells

77.

The closing of a plant’s stomata will

a.	increase capillary action in the plant’s stem.
b.	increase transpiration pull.
c.	cause wilting.
d.	cause less water to be pulled up from the plant’s roots.

78.

Only 5 percent of all animals have

a.	eukaryotic cells.	c.	vertebral columns.
b.	a protostome development pattern.	d.	cell membranes.

79.

How do some sponges play an important role in the primary productivity of coral reefs?

a.	They provide food for sponge-eating sea stars.
b.	They attract light with their antennae.
c.	They are harvested for sale as bath sponges.
d.	They have symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic organisms.

80.

A characteristic of cnidarians is that they are

a.	found only in warm, tropical waters.
b.	carnivorous animals.
c.	named for their body symmetry.
d.	attached to a surface throughout life.

81.

In jellyfish,

a.	both polyp and medusa are diploid.
b.	both polyp and medusa are haploid.
c.	the medusa is diploid and the polyp is haploid.
d.	the medusa is haploid and the polyp is diploid

82.

The class Scyphozoa contains

a.	jellyfishes.	c.	corals.
b.	hydras.	d.	sea anemones.

83.

The Portuguese man-of-war is a member of what class of cnidarians?

a.	Hydrozoa	c.	Anthozoa
b.	Scyphozoa	d.	Porifera

84.

Some flatworms have clusters of nerve cells that control the nervous system. Each cluster is called a(an)

a.	ganglion.	c.	eyespot.
b.	brain.	d.	flame cell.

85.

Free-living flatworms, most of which live in marine environments or fresh water, are

a.	flukes.	c.	tapeworms.
b.	turbellarians.	d.	roundworms.

86.

An adult tapeworm uses its scolex to

a.	attach itself to the intestinal wall of its host.
b.	digest food.
c.	store sperm.
d.	store fertilized eggs.

87.

A pseudocoelom forms between the mesoderm and

a.	endoderm.	c.	true coelom.
b.	ectoderm.	d.	none of the above

88.

The nervous system of a roundworm includes

a.	a simple brain.	c.	a single ganglion.
b.	a complex brain.	d.	several ganglia.

89.

What causes the disease called elephantiasis?

a.	flukes	c.	hookworms
b.	filarial worms	d.	ascarid worms

90.

A person who has trichinosis likely contracted it from

a.	walking barefoot on soil infested with Trichinella worms.
b.	eating undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts.
c.	being bitten by mosquitoes.
d.	coming in contact with Trichinella-infested snails.

91.

In earthworms, inability to produce offspring might be associated with

a.	lack of a true coelom.
b.	the inability of a worm to fertilize its own eggs.
c.	a malfunction of the nephridia.
d.	a malfunction of the clitellum.

92.

The muscular extension of a leech that penetrates the tissue of its host is the

a.	septum.	c.	proboscis.
b.	radula.	d.	ganglion.

93.

Earthworms benefit gardeners because their tunnels provide passageways for

a.	leeches.	c.	plant roots and water.
b.	polychaetes.	d.	planarians.

94.

The larvae of many marine annelids are ecologically important because they

a.	poison coral reefs.
b.	are eaten by fishes and other marine animals.
c.	feed on earthworms.
d.	aerate the mud on the seafloor.

95.

The spade-shaped burrowing structure of one group of mollusks and the tentacles of another group are both modifications of the

a.	foot.	c.	shell.
b.	mantle.	d.	visceral mass.

96.

Bivalve communities that live near undersea volcanic vents obtain their food mostly from

a.	symbiotic bacteria.	c.	detritus.
b.	symbiotic algae.	d.	filter-feeding.

97.

Filter-feeding bivalves can be used to monitor the environmental health of a habitat because

a.	the bivalves reproduce rapidly in polluted water.
b.	the bivalves concentrate pollutants and microorganisms in their tissues.
c.	the bivalves live near deep-sea vents.
d.	some bivalves never get cancer.

98.

The appendages of arthropods are

a.	found only on the head.
b.	hard and immovable.
c.	jointed and extend from the body wall.
d.	divided into six branches.

99.

Which of these events is the first to happen when an arthropod molts?

a.	The animal fills with air or fluids.
b.	A new skeleton is secreted.
c.	The animal pulls itself out of the original skeleton.
d.	Skin glands digest the inner part of the skeleton.

100.

Which of the following invertebrates is NOT a crustacean?

a.	horseshoe crab	c.	barnacle
b.	fiddler crab	d.	crayfish

101.

Honeybees use dances to

a.	lure insects of other species.
b.	signal the death of a member of the colony.
c.	attract mates.
d.	convey information about food sources.

102.

The water vascular system of echinoderms is involved with each of the following body functions EXCEPT

a.	respiration.	c.	movement.
b.	circulation.	d.	reproduction.

103.

Which structure is part of an echinoderm’s water vascular system?

a.	skin gill	c.	madreporite
b.	anus	d.	stomach

104.

The plates of the endoskeleton are reduced and contained inside a soft, muscular body wall in

a.	sand dollars.	c.	sea urchins.
b.	sea cucumbers.	d.	brittle stars.

105.

Which of the following is NOT a type of blood vessel?

a.	artery	c.	lymphatic cell
b.	vein	d.	capillary

106.

Which organ helps to regulate blood pressure?

a.	spleen	c.	liver
b.	kidney	d.	gall bladder

107.

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

a.	regulate filtration	c.	transport nutrients
b.	regulate body temperature	d.	fight infection

108.

The nicotine in cigarette smoke causes

a.	blood pressure to decrease.	c.	blood pressure to increase.
b.	heart rate to increase.	d.	both b and c.

109.

The energy available in food can be measured by

a.	first determining which nutrients the body needs.
b.	burning the food.
c.	tracing chemical pathways.
d.	all of the above.

110.

Substances that are needed by the body for growth, repair, and maintenance are called

a.	enzymes.	c.	ATP.
b.	nutrients.	d.	Calories.

111.

Inorganic nutrients that the body needs are called

a.	lipids.	c.	vitamins.
b.	proteins.	d.	minerals.

112.

The raw materials that the body needs for growth and repair come from

a.	proteins.	c.	carbohydrates.
b.	unsaturated fats.	d.	water.

113.

The Food Guide Pyramid advises a person to eat more

a.	meat than dairy products.	c.	dairy products than vegetables.
b.	grains than meat.	d.	dairy products than grains.

114.

The trend of the Food Guide Pyramid is that the majority of the food in your diet should be from

a.	the group(s) at the top.
b.	the group(s) at the bottom.
c.	the group(s) in the middle.
d.	all of the groups in the same proportion.

Figure 38–1

115.

Look at Figure 38–1. Clean, filtered blood is returned to circulation through the

a.	renal artery.	c.	urinary bladder.
b.	renal vein.	d.	urethra.

116.

The main organs of the excretory system are the

a.	kidneys.	c.	intestines.
b.	lungs.	d.	ureters.

117.

How are infectious diseases spread?

a.	through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact
b.	through contaminated water and food
c.	by infected animals
d.	all of the above

118.

Antibiotics fight infections by

a.	preventing viruses from replicating.
b.	killing bacteria.
c.	killing infected cells.
d.	growing green mold that inhibits bacterial growth.

119.

The body’s nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include

a.	antibiotics.	c.	antibodies.
b.	mucus, sweat, and tears.	d.	killer T cells.

120.

A person who has received a vaccine against polio

a.	is able to produce antibodies against polio.
b.	is more susceptible to the polio virus than someone who has not had the vaccine.
c.	has polio antibodies in the bloodstream.
d.	has antipolio killer T cells in the bloodstream.

121.

The symptoms of allergies include

a.	runny nose and a fever.
b.	sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.
c.	unusual infections of the lungs, mouth, throat, and skin.
d.	formation of a tumor.

122.

An example of an autoimmune disease is

a.	asthma.	c.	multiple sclerosis.
b.	allergies.	d.	strep throat.

123.

HIV weakens the immune system by killing

a.	antibodies.	c.	helper T cells.
b.	B cells.	d.	killer T cells.

124.

Which of the following presents a risk of spreading HIV?

a.	abstaining from sex
b.	giving blood
c.	kissing someone on the cheek
d.	using a contaminated needle to receive an injection

125.

Cancer cells affect other cells in the body by

a.	taking in nutrients needed by other cells.
b.	increasing nerve connections.
c.	forming benign tumors throughout the body.
d.	all of the above

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

126.

The cytoskeleton helps to move organelles within the cell. _________________________

127.

Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some other substances can pass through the cell wall. _________________________

128.

Heterotrophs require oxygen. _________________________

129.

A plant whose leaves are naturally yellow probably contains chlorophyll as well as other light-absorbing pigments. _________________________

130.

If you grind up the chloroplasts found in spinach leaves into a liquid solution, the solution will have a green color. _________________________

131.

The Krebs cycle releases energy in the form of ATP. _________________________

132.

If you swim aerobically for 30 minutes, your body has probably started to break down stored molecules, such as fats, for energy. _________________________

133.

During photosynthesis, energy is stored in the form of fats. _________________________

134.

An organism may have different common names that vary from area to area and language to language. _________________________

135.

Biologists attempt to group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent. _________________________

136.

Cladistic analysis considers characteristics that have arisen as lineages have evolved over time. _________________________

137.

Evidence shows that the same gene that codes for a particular protein in human muscle also codes for that protein in yeasts, indicating common ancestry. _________________________

138.

The six kingdoms of life are Eubacteria, Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. _________________________

139.

Many archaebacteria live in extreme environments, such as in Utah’s Great Salt Lake. _________________________

Figure 19–2

140.

The spiral-shaped organism labeled B in Figure 19–2 is an example of a spirillum. _________________________

141.

In a lysogenic infection, host cells can make copies of virus DNA for many generations. _________________________

142.

Insects often help spread viruses from one plant to another. _________________________

143.

Funguslike protists are autotrophs. _________________________

144.

Generally, in order for sexual reproduction to occur in fungi, the spores of opposite mating types must meet. _________________________

145.

Basidiomycetes resemble other fungal phyla but do not have a sexual cycle. _________________________

146.

Fungi recycle nutrients in all ecosystems. _________________________

147.

Losing excessive amounts of water through evaporation may affect a plant’s ability to carry out photosynthesis. _________________________

148.

Biennials are pollinated during their first year of growth. _________________________

149.

Phloem consists of vessel elements and companion cells. _________________________

150.

Transpiration from leaves occurs because of the osmosis of water from the leaf to the environment. _________________________

151.

Cells called gemmules move water currents through a sponge. ______________________________

152.

In the Portuguese man-of-war, a single tentacle acts as a balloonlike float. _________________________

153.

A flatworm’s eyespots can detect chemicals. _________________________

154.

An unidentified worm specimen that has a one-way digestive tract suspended in a pseudocoelom is likely to be a(an) annelid. _________________________

155.

The type of body cavity shared by all mollusks is a pseudocoelom. _________________________

156.

Around active deep-sea vents, symbiotic bacteria provide food for bivalve communities. _________________________

157.

The three major groups of arthropods are crustaceans, chelicerates, and uniramians. _________________________

158.

When a honeybee performs the round dance, it indicates that a food source has a low energy value by changing direction less frequently than it would if the food were high quality. _________________________

159.

An adult starfish has radial symmetry. _________________________

160.

When an echinoderm exerts a pulling force on an object, muscles pull the centers of the tube feet upward. _________________________

161.

Humans have an open circulatory system. _________________________

162.

Flaps of connective tissue called valves are located between the atria and the ventricles. _________________________

163.

Lymph nodes act as filters, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease. _________________________

164.

The process by which oxygen and carbon monoxide are exchanged between cells, the blood, and air in the lungs is known as respiration. _________________________

165.

The pharynx is a piece of cartilage that covers the entrance to the trachea when you swallow. _________________________

166.

Simple and complex carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. _________________________

167.

The Food Guide Pyramid classifies food into five groups. _________________________

168.

Gravity allows food to travel through your esophagus into the stomach. _________________________

169.

If too little water is absorbed from the large intestine, constipation results. _________________________

170.

As the amount of water in the blood increases, the rate of water reabsorption in the kidneys increases. _________________________

171.

Washing your hands frequently can prevent the spread of many vectors. _________________________

172.

Antibiotics are an effective treatment for a viral disease such as measles. _________________________

173.

The immune response is triggered by antibodies. _________________________

174.

Histamines can reduce the symptoms of an allergic reaction. _________________________

175.

Benign tumors are not cancerous. _________________________

Completion
Complete each statement.

176.

Eukaryotes contain specialized structures that perform important cellular functions. These structures are called ____________________.

177.

Enzymes in the _________________________ attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins.

178.

Cells keep only a small amount of ____________________ on hand and regenerate it as needed by using carbohydrates.

179.

If you separate the pigments found in a typical plant cell’s chloroplasts, you will find ____________________, orange, and red pigments.

180.

The electrons that chlorophyll loses to the electron transport chain are replenished by ____________________ molecules.

181.

The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires ____________________.

182.

A high level of lactic acid in the blood is a sign that ______________________________ has occurred.

183.

Traditional classification is based on general similarities of _________________________ among organisms.

184.

The domain ____________________ contains plants, fungi, protists, and animals—which are all eukaryotes.

Figure 19–2

185.

The organism labeled A in Figure 19–2 is an example of a(an) ____________________.

186.

By breaking down the nutrients from dead organisms in an ecosystem, bacteria act as ____________________.

187.

The germ theory of disease was first proposed by ____________________.

188.

A chemical solution that is used in hospitals to kill bacteria is called a(an) ____________________.

189.

Certain viruses called ____________________ viruses cause cancer in animals.

190.

The first protists evolved approximately ___________________ years ago.

191.

Animal-like protists that use structures called ____________________ for movement and for feeding are members of the phylum Sarcodina.

192.

In the human body, Plasmodium first infects liver cells, then ____________________ cells, causing them to burst.

193.

A multicellular protist that efficiently absorbs blue light, collects calcium carbonate in its cell walls, and lives in the ocean would be classified in the phylum _________________________.

194.

Close examination of a colony of individuals of the phylum Acrasiomycota would reveal that they retain their ____________________, unlike organisms of the phylum Myxomycota.

195.

In ascomycetes, the structure in which a diploid zygote forms is called a(an) _________________________.

196.

Unicellular ascomycetes are commonly known as _________________________.

197.

A serious fungal disease of ____________________ needs two different plants to complete its life cycle.

198.

Plants need to exchange ______________________________ with the atmosphere in order to carry out the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

199.

Photosynthesis takes place in the _________________stage of the moss life cycle.

200.

The process by which bryophytes draw water into their cells from the environment is called ____________________.

201.

Water moves from cell to cell in the rhizoids of a moss by the process of ____________________.

202.

Ferns can live in shaded areas of a forest most likely because they have ____________________.

203.

The phloem cells called ___________________ are arranged end to end to form a long pipeline.

204.

Root hairs take in water from the soil through the process of ____________________.

Figure 23–1

205.

In Figure 23–1, B is pointing to _________________________.

206.

The layer of growing tissue that surrounds the expanding phloem tissue in trees is the _________________________.

207.

The front end of an organism is the ____________________ end.

208.

The internal space of a cnidarian is called a(an) ______________________________.

209.

Cnidarians have a(an) ____________________ that enables them to respond to touch by pulling their tentacles inside their bodies.

210.

Many free-living roundworms are ____________________, which are animals that eat other animals.

Figure 28–2

211.

On the chelicerate in Figure 28–2, the appendage labeled 1 is a(an) ____________________.

Figure 37–2

212.

In Figure 37–2, the area labeled B represents the capillaries of a ____________________.

213.

The iron-containing protein called ____________________ binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body where the oxygen is released.

214.

The phrase “swollen glands” refers to swelling of the _________________________.

215.

Inhaled air passes from the trachea to one of the two ____________________.

216.

Breathing is such an important function that your ____________________ system will not let you have complete control over it.

217.

Contractions known as ____________________ squeeze food through the length of the esophagus into the stomach.

218.

If a part of the stomach wall digests itself, a(an) ____________________ develops.

219.

The functioning units of the kidneys are the ____________________.

220.

To a large extent, the activity of kidneys is controlled by the composition of ____________________.

221.

A ____________________ is any disease-causing organism.

222.

Chickenpox, tetanus, and malaria are all examples of ____________________ diseases.

223.

Any opening in the skin is a potential entrance for ____________________.

224.

A ____________________ T cell activates other T cells and B cells, whereas a killer T cell binds to infected cells.

225.

A person who has ____________________ is likely to suffer from a number of other rare infections because this virus attacks the immune system.